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Left Communists (Soviet Russia)
The Left Communists (, ) or Left Bolsheviks (, ) were a faction of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) who were at their most prominent in December 1917 and early 1918, during the debates on signing a separate peace with the Central Powers of World War I. The Left Communist faction opposed a peace on the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and instead advocated a "revolutionary war" to foment revolution in Germany and across Europe. The faction also held radical left-wing positions on economic and social policies, including support for more workers' control and a more democratic military, and supported internationalism to the point of rejecting the idea of national self-determination, particularly in the form of an independent Poland. The faction was led by Nikolai Bukharin, and included Andrei Bubnov, Alexandra Kollontai, Valerian Osinsky, Georgy Pyatakov, Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Karl Radek, Vladimir Smirnov and Varvara Yakovleva. Their support was strong in the pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (; rus, Николай Иванович Бухарин, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪdʑ bʊˈxarʲɪn; – 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist. A prominent Bolsheviks, Bolshevik described by Vladimir Lenin as a "most valuable and major theorist" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party, Bukharin was active in the Soviet government from 1917 until his purge in 1937. Bukharin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1906, and studied economics at Moscow State University, Moscow Imperial University. In 1910, he was arrested and internally exiled to Onega, Russia, Onega, but the following year escaped abroad, where he met Lenin and Leon Trotsky and built his reputation with works such as ''Imperialism and World Economy'' (1915). After the February Revolution of 1917, Bukharin returned to Moscow and became a leading figure in the party, and after the October Revolution became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
Yevgeni Alekseyevich Preobrazhensky ( rus, Евге́ний Алексе́евич Преображе́нский, p=jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪtɕ prʲɪəbrɐˈʐɛnskʲɪj; – 13 February 1937) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist economist. His main contribution to Marxist theory is the concept of " primitive socialist accumulation", which holds that industrialization in an underdeveloped and agrarian economy such as Russia's in 1917 must rely on the squeezing of agriculture, for example by the socialist state buying agricultural goods at low prices and selling back industrial goods at high prices. Preobrazhensky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, and after the establishment of Soviet Russia became a party secretary and member of the Central Committee in 1920. During the 1920s, he opposed Joseph Stalin's bureaucratization and centralization of the party and advocacy of " socialism in one country", becoming linked to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Communism
War communism or military communism (, ''Vojenný kommunizm'') was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921. War communism began in June 1918, enforced by the Supreme Economic Council (), known as the Vesenkha. It ended on 21 March 1921, with the beginning of the New Economic Policy, which lasted until 1928. The system has often been described as simple authoritarian control by the ruling and military castes to maintain power and control in the Soviet regions, rather than any coherent political ideology. The Soviet propaganda justified it by claiming that the Bolsheviks adopted this policy with the goal of keeping towns (the proletarian power-base) and the Red Army stocked with food and weapons since circumstances dictated new economic measures. The deadly Russian famine of 1921–22, which killed about five million people, was in part triggered by Vladimir Lenin's war communism policies, especially food ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century. The List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy ended with the abdication of Nicholas II, Tsar Nicholas II during the February Revolution, and Russia was in a state of political flux. A tense summer culminated in the October Revolution, where the Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian Provisional Government, provisional government of the new Russian Republic. Bolshevik seizure of power was not universally accepted, and the country descended into a conflict which beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuri Larin
Yuri Mikhailovich Larin (, pseudonym of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Larin (), born ''Lurye'' (); 17 June 1882 – 14 January 1932) was a Soviet economist and politician. Early life Born in to a middle-class intellectual Jewish family, Larin was brought up in Crimea by his mother, Friderika Granat, sister of Ignaty Granat, one of the founders of the Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary, and other members of the Granat family. She had contracted scarlet fever while she was pregnant, which is the probable cause of the muscular dystrophy which Larin contracted at the age of nine, which left him partly crippled for life. His father, Shneur Zalman Lurie, was an engineer, Hebrew author and Zionist. He abandoned his wife while she was pregnant and ill, and later divorced her. Larin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in Simferopol in 1900. He moved to Odesa and organised a student Marxist group, but was arrested and sent back to Crimea. There he resumed his revolutionary act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Milyutin
Vladimir Pavlovich Milyutin (Russian: Влади́мир Па́влович Милю́тин; 5 September 1884 – 30 October 1937) was a Russian Bolshevik leader, Soviet statesman, economist, and statistician who was People's Commissar for Agriculture in the original Soviet government formed on the day of the October Revolution but resigned in protest against Vladimir Lenin's initial decision to form a government without the other parties. Early career Milyutin was born in the village of Alexandrovo, Kursk Governorate, into a rural teacher's family. His mother, who was a distant relative of the poet Nikolay Yazykov, was banned from teaching for her anti-tsarist views. Milyutin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1903, and was initially a Menshevik. His membership of the Bolshevik Party was postdated only until 1910, implying that he did not join the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP until that year. He was a conciliator who hoped to reunite the disparate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexei Rykov
Alexei Ivanovich Rykov (25 February 188115 March 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician and statesman, most prominent as premier of Russia and the Premier of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union from 1924 to 1929 and 1924 to 1930 respectively. He was one of the accused in Joseph Stalin's show trials during the Great Purge. Rykov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898, and after it split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in 1903, he joined the Bolsheviks, which were led by Vladimir Lenin. He played an active part in the 1905 Russian Revolution. Months prior to the October Revolution of 1917, he became a member of the Petrograd Soviet, Petrograd and Moscow Soviets and was elected to the Bolshevik Party Central Committee in July–August of the same year, during the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik Party. Rykov, a moderate, often came into political conflict with Leni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VSNKh
Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, Superior Soviet of the People's Economy, (Высший совет народного хозяйства, ВСНХ, ''Vysshiy sovet narodnogo khozyaystva'', VSNKh) was the superior state institution for management of the economy of the RSFSR and later of the Soviet Union. There were two institutions with this name, at different times, 1917–1932 and 1963–1965. 1917–1932 The VSNKh of the first period was the supreme organ of the management of the economy, mainly of the industry. Foundation The VSNKh was launched on December 5, 1917, through a decree of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.Alec Nove, ''An Economic History of the USSR.'' New Edition. London: Penguin Books, 1989; pg. 42. Its stated purpose was to "plan for the organization of the economic life of the country and the financial resources of the government". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakov Sverdlov
Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov ( – 16 March 1919) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. A key Bolshevik organizer of the October Revolution of 1917, Sverdlov served as chairman of the Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party from 1918 until his death in 1919, and as chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (head of state) from 1917 until his death in 1919. Born in Nizhny Novgorod to a Jewish family active in revolutionary politics, Sverdlov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1902 and supported Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction from 1903. He was active in the Urals during the failed Revolution of 1905, and over the next decade was subjected to constant imprisonment and exile. After the 1917 February Revolution overthrew the monarchy, Sverdlov returned to Petrograd and was appointed a secretary of the party's central committee. In this capacity, he played a key role in planning the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks came ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin, his death in 1924, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. As the founder and leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin led the October Revolution which established the world's first socialist state. His government won the Russian Civil War and created a one-party state under the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism. Born into a middle-class family in Simbirsk in the Russian Empire, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics after Aleksandr Ulyanov, his brother was executed in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Alexander III of Russia, the tsar. He was expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in student prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7th Congress Of The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Seventh is the ordinal form of the number seven. Seventh may refer to: * Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution * A fraction (mathematics) A fraction (from , "broken") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, thre ..., , equal to one of seven equal parts Film and television *" The Seventh", a second-season episode of ''Star Trek: Enterprise'' Music * A seventh (interval), the difference between two pitches ** Diminished seventh, a chromatically reduced minor seventh interval ** Major seventh, the larger of two commonly occurring musical intervals that span seven diatonic scale degrees ** Minor seventh, the smaller of two commonly occurring musical intervals that span seven diatonic scale degrees ** Harmonic seventh, the interval of exactly 4:7, whose approximation to the minor seventh in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rowman & Littlefield
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949. Under several imprints, the company offers scholarly books for the academic market, as well as trade books. The company also owns the book distributing company National Book Network based in Lanham, Maryland. History The current company took shape when the University Press of America acquired Rowman & Littlefield in 1988 and took the Rowman & Littlefield name for the parent company. Since 2013, there has also been an affiliated company based in London called Rowman & Littlefield International. It is editorially independent and publishes only academic books in Philosophy, Politics & International Relations and Cultural Studies. The company sponsors the Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching, the only national teaching award in political science given in the United States. It is awarded annually by the American Political Science Association for people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
