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Lauren Slater
Lauren Slater (born March 21, 1963) is an American psychotherapist and writer. She is the author of nine books, including ''Welcome To My Country'' (1996), ''Prozac Diary'' (1998), and ''Lying: A Metaphorical Memoir'' (2000). Her 2004 book ''Opening Skinner's Box, Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century,'' a description of psychology experiments "narrated as stories,"Slater, Lauren. ''Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century'', Norton 2004, has drawn both praise and criticism. Criticism has focused on Slater's research methods and on the extent to which some of the experiences she describes may have been fictionalized. ''The Village Voice'' called her "the closest thing we have to a doyenne of Psychiatry, psychiatric disorder." Education and career Slater graduated in 1985 from Brandeis University. Slater was a 2002–2003 Knight Science Journalism Fellowships, Knight Science Journalism Fellow at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brandeis University
Brandeis University () is a Private university, private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. It is located within the Greater Boston area. Founded in 1948 as a nonsectarian, non-sectarian, coeducational university, Brandeis was established on the site of the former Middlesex University (Massachusetts), Middlesex University. The university is named after Louis Brandeis, a former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Brandeis is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is Higher education accreditation in the United States, accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The university has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) since 1985. In 2018, it had a total enrollment of 5,820 students on a campus of . The university has a liberal arts focus. List of Brandeis Univ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clinical Depression
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by family or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphine
Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are multiple methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual administration, sublingual; via inhalation; intramuscular, injection into a muscle, Subcutaneous injection, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal administration, rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during Childbirth, labor. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rat Park
Park was a series of studies into drug addiction conducted in the late 1970s and published between 1978 and 1981 by Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander and his colleagues at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. At the time of the studies, research exploring the self-administration of morphine in animals often used small, solitary metal cages. Alexander hypothesized that these conditions may be responsible for exacerbating self-administration. To test this hypothesis, Alexander and his colleagues built Rat Park, a large housing colony 200 times the floor area of a standard laboratory cage. There were 16–20 rats of both sexes in residence, food, balls and wheels for play, and enough space for mating.Slater, Lauren. (2004) ''Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century'', W.W. Norton & Company. The results of the experiment appeared to support his hypothesis that improved housing conditions reduce the consumption of morphine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bruce K
The English language name Bruce arrived in Scotland with the Normans, from the place name Brix, Manche in Normandy, France, meaning "the willowlands". Initially promulgated via the descendants of king Robert the Bruce (1274−1329), it has been a Scottish surname since medieval times; it is now a common male given name. The variant ''Lebrix'' and ''Le Brix'' are French variations of the surname. Note: A few people are notable in more than one field, and therefore appear in more than one section. Arts and entertainment Film and television * Bruce Altman (born 1955), American actor * Bruce Baillie (1931–2020), American filmmaker * Bruce Bennett (1906–2007), American actor and athlete * Bruce Berman (born 1952), American film producer * Bruce Boa (1930–2004), Canadian actor * Bruce Boxleitner (born 1950), American actor * Bruce Campbell (born 1958), American actor, director, writer, producer and author * Bruce Conner (1933–2008), American artist and filmmaker * Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pit Of Despair
The pit of despair was a name used by American comparative psychologist Harry Harlow for a device he designed, technically called a vertical chamber apparatus, that he used in experiments on rhesus macaque monkeys at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1970s. The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of depression. Researcher Stephen Suomi described the device as "little more than a stainless-steel trough with sides that sloped to a rounded bottom": A in. wire mesh floor 1 in. above the bottom of the chamber allowed waste material to drop through the drain and out of holes drilled in the stainless-steel. The chamber was equipped with a food box and a water-bottle holder, and was covered with a pyramid top emoved in the accompanying photograph designed to discourage incarcerated subjects from hanging from the upper part of the chamber.Suomi 1971, p. 33. Harlow had already placed newly born monkeys in isolation chambers for up to one year. Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harry Harlow
Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development. He conducted most of his research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow worked with him for a short period of time. Harlow's experiments were ethically controversial; they included creating inanimate wire and wood surrogate "mothers" for the rhesus infants. Each infant became attached to its particular mother, recognizing its unique face. Harlow then investigated whether the infants had a preference for bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers in different situations: with the wire mother holding a bottle with food, and the cloth mother holding nothing, or with the wire mother holding nothing, while the cloth mother held a bottle w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosenhan Experiment
The Rosenhan experiment or Thud experiment was an experiment regarding the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. For the experiment, participants submitted themselves for evaluation at various psychiatric institutions and feigned hallucinations in order to be accepted, but acted normally from then onward. Each was diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder and given antipsychotic medication. The study was arranged by psychologist David Rosenhan, a Stanford University professor, and published by the journal ''Science'' in 1973 with the title ''On Being Sane In Insane Places''. It is considered an important and influential criticism of psychiatric diagnosis, and broached the topic of wrongful involuntary commitment. The experiment is said to have "accelerated the movement to reform mental institutions and to deinstitutionalize as many mental patients as possible". Rosenhan claimed that he, along with eight other people (five men and three women), entered 12 hospitals in five states near t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Rosenhan
David L. Rosenhan (; November 22, 1929 – February 6, 2012) was an American psychologist. He is known best for the Rosenhan experiment, a study challenging the validity of psychiatry diagnoses. Biography Rosenhan received his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1951 from Yeshiva College, his master's degree in economics in 1953 and his doctorate in psychology in 1958, both from Columbia University. He was a professor of law and of psychology at Stanford University from 1971 until his retirement in 1998, and applied psychology to such legal topics as the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation. As further described in his obituary published by the American Psychological Association (APA), "Rosenhan was a pioneer in applying psychological methods to the practice of law, including the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation." He was a member of the faculties of Swarthmore College, Princeton University, Haverford Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milgram Experiment
Beginning on August 7, 1961, a series of social psychology experiments were conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, who intended to measure the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting a fictitious experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner". These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real. The experiments unexpectedly found that a very high proportion of subjects would fully obey the instructions, with every participant going up to 300 volts, and 65% going up to the full 450 volts. Milgram first described his research in a 1963 article in the ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanley Milgram
Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist known for his controversial Milgram experiment, experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale University, Yale.Blass, T. (2004). ''The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram''. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Nazi Holocaust, Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. After earning a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, he taught at Yale University, Yale, Harvard University, Harvard, and then for most of his career as a professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, until his death in 1984. Milgram gained notoriety for his obedience experiment conducted in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University in 1961, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. The experiment found, unexpectedl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1948 until his retirement in 1974. Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism, and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner box), and to measure rate he invented the cumulative recorder. Using these tools, he and Charles Ferster produced Skinner's most influential experimental work, outlined in their 1957 book ''Schedules of Reinforcement''. Skinner was a prolific author, publishing 21 books and 180 articles. He imagined the appli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
