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Landesrabbiner
(; ) are spiritual leader, spiritual heads of the History of the Jews in Europe, Jewish communities of a country, province, or district, History of the Jews in Germany, particularly in Germany and Austria. The office is a result of the legal condition of the Jews in medieval times when the Jewish communities formed a unit for the purposes of taxation. As the community had to pay certain taxes to the government, the latter had to appoint someone who should be responsible to it for their prompt collection, and who consequently had to be invested with a certain authority. The office of ''Landesrabbiner'' had no ecclesiastical meaning until the 18th century, when the various governments began to consider it their duty to care for the spiritual welfare of the Jews. Such ecclesiastical authority, owing to the strictly congregational constitution of the communities, never took root among the Jews (see, however, on the chief rabbinate of Moravia after the death of Marcus Benedict, Moses So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shtadlan
A ''shtadlan'' (, ; , ) was an intercessor for a local European Jewish community. They represented the interests of the community, especially those of a town's ghetto, and worked as a " lobbyist" negotiating with the authorities holding power for the safety and benefit of Jews. The process of Jewish intercession is known as ''shtadlanut'' (). Shtadlanim (plural of shtadlan) relied on many tactics to intercede on the behalf of the Jewish community. These included emotional appeals, such as begging, rational appeals such as trying to implement charters or decrees, and also gifts of money or other goods to gain favor. Elyakim Zelig from Jampol, reported specifically on the need to beg for the Pope’s favor during a mission to Rome in 1757, in which he tried to gain support for defending Jews against blood libel. Typically, a Jewish community ('' qahal'') governed its own internal affairs. The interactions with the outside society, such as tax collection and enforcement of various ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judah Löw Ben Bezaleel
Judah Loew ben Bezalel (; 1512 – 17 September 1609), also known as Rabbi Loew ( Löw, Loewe, Löwe or Levai), the Maharal of Prague (), or simply the Maharal (the Hebrew acronym of "''Moreinu ha-Rav Loew''", 'Our Teacher, Rabbi Loew'), was an important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, mathematician, astronomer,Solomon Grayzel, ''A History of the Jews'', The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1968, pp. 484-485: "Another important personality in Prague... was Rabbi Judah-Loew ben Bezalel. Besides being a great Talmudist, he was a mathematician and astronomer. and philosopher who, for most of his life, served as a leading rabbi in the cities of Mikulov in Moravia and Prague in Bohemia. Loew wrote on Jewish philosophy and Jewish mysticism. His work ''Gur Aryeh al HaTorah'' is a supercommentary on Rashi's Torah commentary. He is also the subject of a later legend that he created the Golem of Prague, an animate being fashioned from clay.Solomon Grayzel, ''A History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiritual Leader
Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are clergyman, clergywoman, clergyperson, churchman, cleric, ecclesiastic, and vicegerent while clerk in holy orders has a long history but is rarely used. In Christianity, the specific names and roles of the clergy vary by denomination and there is a wide range of formal and informal clergy positions, including deacons, elders, priests, bishops, cardinals, preachers, pastors, presbyters, ministers, and the pope. In Islam, a religious leader is often known formally or informally as an imam, caliph, qadi, mufti, sheikh, mullah, muezzin, and ulema. In the Jewish tradition, a religious leader is often a rabbi (teacher) or hazzan (cantor). Etymology The word ''cleric'' comes from the ecclesiastical Latin ''C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scherer
Scherer or Scherrer is a German language surname widespread in German speaking Europe since the Middle Ages. With the beginning of colonization it also came to North and South America. Notable people with the surname include: Scherer * Alfredo Scherer (1903–1996), Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate * Andreas Scherer, German ski jumper * Axel Scherer (professor), American physicist * Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer (1747–1804), French general during the French Revolution * Bee Scherer (born Burkhard Scherer, 1971), English professor of gender studies and religious studies at Canterbury Christ Church University * Bernie Scherer (1913–2004), American football player * Dave Scherer, American sports writer and journalist * Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer (1815–1889), French politician * Elizabeth Scherer (born 1976/77), American judge * Emanuel Scherer (1901–1977), Polish-Jewish politician * Fernando Scherer (born 1974), Brazilian swimmer * Frederic M. Scherer (born 193 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augsburg
Augsburg ( , ; ; ) is a city in the Bavaria, Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich. It is a College town, university town and the regional seat of the Swabia (administrative region), Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an Urban districts of Germany, urban district and home to the institutions of the Augsburg (district), Landkreis Augsburg. It is the List of cities in Bavaria by population, third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg), with a population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area. After Neuss, Trier, Worms, Germany, Worms, Cologne and Xanten, Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augsburg#Early history, Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus. It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician (post-Roman Europe), patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European ban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nördlingen
Nördlingen (; Swabian: ''Nearle'' or ''Nearleng'') is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of approximately 20,674. It is located approximately east of Stuttgart, and northwest of Munich. It was built in an impact crater 15 million years old and in diameter—the Nördlinger Ries—of a meteorite which hit with an estimated speed of 70,000 km/h, and left the area riddled with an estimated 72,000 tons of micro-diamonds. Nördlingen was first mentioned in recorded history in 898. The town was the location of two battles during the Thirty Years' War, which took place between 1618 and 1648. Today it is one of very few towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls—joining the ranks of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Dinkelsbühl and Berching, all of them in Bavaria. Another attraction in the town is Saint George's Church's steeple, called "Daniel," which is made of a suevite impact breccia that contains shocked ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Of Oettingen
The House of Oettingen was a high-ranking noble Franconian and Swabian family. It ruled various estates that composed the County of Oettingen between the 12th century and the beginning of the 19th century. In 1674 the house was raised to the rank of prince for the first time. Despite the annexation of their lands following the German mediatisation of 1806, the family retained their titles and still have representatives today. Origins The Oettingen family traces its descent back to , documented in 987, and his father Sieghard V. (, 'Sieghard, Count in Riesgau') from the Sieghardinger family, documented in 1007. These are also considered to be the ancestors of the Staufers. The Oettingen family was first mentioned in 1147 with , a relative of the Imperial House of Hohenstaufen who was granted the county surrounding the Imperial city of Nördlingen as a fief, possibly with his brother . The relationship between the family and the Hohenstaufens is also proven by documents. The fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eckstein
Eckstein is a surname of German origin, meaning "cornerstone" (''eck'' means 'corner', and ''stein'' means 'stone'). According to information gleaned from the U.S. Census, around 2,500 people in the United States have the surname Eckstein. Notable people with the surname include: * Anna B. Eckstein (1868–1947), German peace activist * Anne Eckstein (born 1955), Australian politician * Arthur Eckstein, American historian * Ashley Eckstein (born 1981), American actress and fashion designer * Bernd Eckstein (born 1953) German ski jumper * David Eckstein (born 1975), American baseball player * Dieter Eckstein (born 1964), German footballer * Emma Eckstein (1865–1924), early patient of Sigmund Freud * Ernestine Eckstein (1941–1992), American Black, Feminist, and LGBT activist * Ernst Eckstein (1845–1900), German humorist, novelist and poet * Hans Eckstein (1908–1985), German water polo player * Harry H. Eckstein (1924–1999), American political scientist * Heinrich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bamberg
Bamberg (, , ; East Franconian German, East Franconian: ''Bambärch'') is a town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main (river), Main. Bamberg had 79,000 inhabitants in 2022. The town dates back to the 9th century, when its name was derived from the nearby ' castle. Cited as one of Germany's most beautiful towns, with medieval streets and buildings, the old town of Bamberg with around 2,400 Timber framing, timber houses has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. From the 10th century onwards, Bamberg became a key link with the West Slavs, Western Slavic peoples, notably those of Poland and Pomerania. It experienced a period of great prosperity from the 12th century onwards, during which time it was briefly the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry II was buried in the old town, alongside his wife Cunigunde of Luxemburg, Kunigunde. The town' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olomouc
Olomouc (; ) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 103,000 inhabitants, making it the Statutory city (Czech Republic), sixth largest city in the country. It is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region. Located on the Morava (river), Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and was a historical co-capital city of Moravia, before having been occupied by the Military of the Swedish Empire, Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monument reservations, urban monument reservation. The Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, Holy Trinity Column was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its quintessential Baroque architecture, Baroque style and symbolic value. Administrative division Olomouc consists of 26 municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census): *Olomouc (13,446) *Bělidla (834) *Černovír (1,010) *Chomoutov (1,070) *Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brno
Brno ( , ; ) is a Statutory city (Czech Republic), city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. Located at the confluence of the Svitava (river), Svitava and Svratka (river), Svratka rivers, Brno has about 403,000 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in the Czech Republic after the capital, Prague, and one of the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 100 largest cities of the European Union. The Brno metropolitan area has approximately 730,000 inhabitants. Brno is the former capital city of Moravia and the political and cultural hub of the South Moravian Region. It is the centre of the Judiciary of the Czech Republic, Czech judiciary, with the seats of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic, Supreme Administrative Court, and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, and a number of state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capistrano
John of Capistrano, OFM (, , , ; 24 June 1386 – 23 October 1456) was an Italian Order of Friars Minor, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest from the town of Capestrano, Abruzzo. Famous as a preacher, theologian, and inquisitor, he earned himself the nickname "the Soldier Saint" when in 1456 at age 70 he led a Crusade against the invading Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), siege of Belgrade with the Hungarian military commander John Hunyadi. Elevated to sainthood, he is the patron saint of jurists and military chaplains, as well as the namesake of two Franciscan List of Spanish missions, missions, Mission San Juan Capistrano, one in Southern California and Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas), the other in San Antonio, Texas. Early life As was the custom of this time, John is denoted by the village of Capestrano, in the Diocese of Sulmona, in the Abruzzi region, Kingdom of Naples. His father had come to Italy with the House of Valois-Anjou, Angevin court of Louis I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
