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Lahnda
Lahnda (; , ), also known as Lahndi (Lahanda, Lahinda) or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a " macrolanguage" or as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves. Lahnda includes the following dialects: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), the Jatki dialects (referred to as Punjabi by their ~50 million speakers, spoken in the Bar region of Punjab) i.e. Jhangvi, Shahpuri and Dhanni, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saraiki Language
Saraiki ( ', ; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group. "The existence of Lahnda as a separate language has long been recognised under various names such as Jatki, Multani, Hindki or Hindko and Western Panjabi....it is called Multani, but this name properly applies only to the form of Lahnda spoken around Multan and the neighbourhood." It is spoken by 28.84 million people, as per the 2023 Pakistani census, taking prevalence in Southern Punjab with remants in Northern Sindh and the Derajat region. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi, and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and Linguistic morphology, morphology. At the same time in #Phonology, its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahari-Pothwari
Pahari Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of the Lahnda group, spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau, in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (; an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari). The language is transitional between Hindko and standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both. There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language, although a local standard has not been established yet. The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punjabi Language
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to the 2023 Pakistani census, and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the 2011 Census of India, 2011 census. It is spoken among a Punjabi diaspora, significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Gulf states. In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet, based on the Persian alphabet, Perso-Arabic script; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi, Gurmukhi alphabet, based on the Brahmic scripts, Indic scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindko Language
Hindko (, , ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Punjab.While some linguists classify Hindko as part of the Lahnda group, many speakers consider it a distinct language with its own identity. There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari, the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki, and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. The name "Hindko" means "the Indian la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punjabi Dialects And Languages
The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Panjabic are a series of dialects and Indo-Aryan languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as the ''Greater Punjabi'' macrolanguage. Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety. Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors. The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables. Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindko
Hindko (, , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Punjab.While some linguists classify Hindko as part of the Lahnda Lahnda, group, many speakers consider it a distinct language with its own identity. There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari, the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi language, Punjabi and Saraiki language, Saraiki, and has more aff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindkowans
Hindkowans, also known as the Hindki, is a contemporary designation for speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the neighbouring Pashtuns, particularly the speakers of various Hindko dialects of Western Punjabi (Lahnda). The origins of the term refer merely to the speakers of Indo-Aryan languages rather than to any particular ethnic group. The term is not only applied to several forms of "Northern Lahnda" but also to the Saraiki dialects of the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali, and Dera Ismail Khan, which border the southern Pashto-speaking areas. According to the 2017 census of Pakistan, Hindko is spoken by 5 million people in the country. There is no generic name for Hindko speakers because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and often identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarewal. A portion of Hindko spea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-Aryan Languages
The Indo-Aryan languages, or sometimes Indic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. As of 2024, there are more than 1.5 billion speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Bangladesh, Northern India, Eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal. Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Africa, Polynesia and Australia, along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Vedic Sanskrit, through Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Prakrits). The largest such languages in terms of First language, first-speakers are Hindustani language, Hindi–Urdu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jhangvi Dialect
Jhangvi (; �d͡ʒàŋ.gᵊ.ʋi, also known as Jhangli (), Jangli () or Jhangochi (), is a dialect of Punjabi, that is spoken in central regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Its name is derived from Jhang, its main city. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal to Jhang District at either end of Ravi and Chenab. It is also spoken in Chinot, Okara, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Hafizabad, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakpattan, Bahawalnagar and Faislabad. It is intermediate between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki. The similar Shahpuri dialect is spoken in Sargodha and Mandi Bahauddin, while Dhanni is spoken in Chakwal, Talagang and Khushab. Phonology Jangli's sound inventory includes implosive consonants, but unlike in Saraiki these do not have phonemic status, as they do not contrast with plain voiced consonants. The implosives are more common than in Saraiki, and their set contains the unusual for the area dental implosive (), which contrasts with the regular retroflex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahpuri Dialect
Shahpuri (; ) is a western dialect of Punjabi, primarily spoken in the former Shahpur District in what are now Sargodha and Khushab districts as well as most of Mandi Bahauddin district of Punjab, Pakistan. Geographic distribution and classification Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District. Grierson (1919) considered Shahpuri to be representative of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but later opinions by Shackle (1976) and Masica (1991) have re-classified it as a general dialect of Punjabi, with certain Multani dialect features. It is mostly spoken in Sargodha District and Khushab District. It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts of Jhang, Chiniot, Mandi Bahauddin, Khanewal, Sahiwal and Bhakkar. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chenab River, traversing the Jhelum River. Jatki dialect is a common name for the Jhangvi dialect, Shahpuri dialect and Dhani dialect. Sometimes also termed as Rachnavi dialect, the glotlog codes for these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thali Dialect
Thaḷī is a dialect within the Lahnda group spoken in parts of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is alternative term for Derawali dialect of Punjabi, although it has also been described as transitional between Multani and Jhangvi- Shahpuri. Its name derives from the Thal Desert, in which it is spoken. The vocabulary of Thali is similar to Jhangvi-Shahpuri spoken to the east, but often the forms are closer to that of Multani. Geographical distribution As defined in the ''Linguistic Survey of India'', the Thali dialect is spoken in parts of the Sindh Sagar Doab south of the Salt Range from Pind Dadan Khan tehsil in Jhelum district in the northeast to present Layyah district in the south, and is also spoken west of the Indus in Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Dera Ismail Khan District, it goes by the name of "Ḍerāwāl" or " Derawali", and in Mianwali and Bannu districts it is known as "Hindko" or "Mulkī". Pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 639 Macrolanguage
A macrolanguage is a group of mutually intelligible speech varieties, or dialect continuum, that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers. Macrolanguages are used as a book-keeping mechanism for the ISO 639 international standard of language codes. Macrolanguages are established to assist mapping between different sets of ISO language codes. Specifically, there may be a many-to-one correspondence between ISO 639-3, intended to identify all the thousands of languages of the world, and either of two other sets, ISO 639-1, established to identify languages in computer systems, and ISO 639-2, which encodes a few hundred languages for library cataloguing and bibliographic purposes. When such many-to-one ISO 639-2 codes are included in an ISO 639-3 context, they are called "macrolanguages" to distinguish them from the corresponding individual languages of ISO 639-3. According to the ISO, ISO 639-3 is curated by SIL Intern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
