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Kronenthaler
The Kronenthaler was a silver coin first issued in 1755 in the Austrian Netherlands (see Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler, Austrian Netherlands Kronenthaler) and which became a popular trade coin in early 19th century Europe. Most examples show the bust of the Austrian ruler on the obverse and three or four crowns on the reverse, hence the name which means "crown thaler" (also ''Brabanter'' and ''crocione'' (Italian). History The kronenthaler was initially issued with the same weight as the French ''écu'' at around 29.5 grams, but with a value of 54 ''sols (stuivers'') or 2.7 ''Dutch gulden, gulden'' while the écu had a value of 56 sols (stuivers) or 2.8 gulden. French écus with 27 grams of fine silver can be theoretically melted and reissued into kronenthalers with 27x = 26 grams of fine silver, matching the silver content of the Reichsthaler of the Leipzig convention. A deliberate minting of below-standard French écus, however, also resulted in a decreased silver content ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South German Gulden
The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of Southern 18th century history of Germany, Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Free City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig or 8 Heller (coin), heller. History This specific ''Gulden'' was based on the ''Guilder, Gulden'' or ''Florin (Italian coin), florin'' used in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. The ''Gulden'' first emerged as a common currency of the Holy Roman Empire after the 1524 ''Reichsmünzordnung'' in the form of the ''Guldengroschen''.Shaw (1896), p. 364: Imperial Mint Ordinance of 1524 defines a silver piece = 1 Rhenish gold gulden. On p 363: the silver equivalent of the guld gulden... received the name gulden groschen. In the succeeding centuries the ''Gulden'' was then defined as a fraction of the ''Reichsthaler'' specie or silver coin. As of 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Netherlands
The Austrian Netherlands was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The period began with the acquisition by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714. It lasted until Revolutionary France annexation, annexed the territory after the Battle of Sprimont in 1794 and the Peace of Basel in 1795. Austria relinquished its claim on the province in 1797 through the Treaty of Campo Formio. The Netherlands, previously the Burgundian Netherlands, inherited by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, having revolted against the absolutism and centralism of Philip II of Spain, their common sovereign, launched a war which led in fact, in 1568, to the formation in the north of the Republic of the United Provinces, a new state whose independence would finally be recognized by the King of Spain in 1648 during the Treaty of Münster (October 1648), Treaty of Münster, and in the south of a group o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conventionsthaler
The or ("Convention "), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous example is the Maria Theresa thaler which is still minted today. The was equivalent to a . History The Austrian Empire introduced the Convention currency standard in 1754 to replace the Leipzig standard of 1690, after a drop in the gold–silver price ratio from 15 to 14.5 in the 1730s unleashed a flood of cheaper defined in gold. The Leipzig standard defined the North German thaler currency unit at the specie of 25.984 g, or 19.488 g fine silver. In contrast, in 1741 the gold Friedrich d'or pistole of 6.05 g fine gold was issued for 5 . This resulted in a cheaper Thaler Gold worth 1.21 g fine gold or 1.21 × 14.5 = 17.545 g fine silver. The ( standard, 23.386 g silver) contained of a Cologne Mark and originally corresponded to exactly two ( standard, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nassau Kronenthaler 70200
Nassau may refer to: Places Austria * Nassau (Groß Sankt Florian), incorporated village of Groß Sankt Florian Bahamas *Nassau, The Bahamas, capital city of the Bahamas Canada *Nassau District, renamed Home District, regional division in Upper Canada from 1788 to 1792 *Nassau Street (Winnipeg), Manitoba *Nassau Street, Toronto Cook Islands *Nassau (Cook Islands), one of the Northern Cook Islands Germany Connected with Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate * Nassau (region), the broader geographical and historical region comprising the historical Nassau realms * Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, a town * Bad Ems-Nassau, a collective municipality * Nassau Castle, the ancestral seat of the House of Nassau * Nassau Nature Park, a major nature park in Germany located within the historical state of Nassau * County of Nassau, a German state within the Holy Roman Empire existing from 1159 until 1806. * Duchy of Nassau, a German state existing from 1806 until 1866 and created after the promotion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Currencies Of Europe
There are 27 currencies currently used in the 50 countries of Europe. All '' de facto'' present currencies in Europe, and an incomplete list of the preceding currency, are listed here. In Europe, the most commonly used currency is the euro (used by 26 countries); any country entering the European Union (EU) is expected to join the eurozone when they meet the five convergence criteria. Denmark is the only EU member state which has been granted an exemption from using the euro. Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Sweden have not adopted the Euro either, although unlike Denmark, they have not formally opted out; instead, they fail to meet the ERM II (Exchange Rate Mechanism) which results in the non-use of the Euro. For countries which hope to join the eurozone, there are five guidelines that need to be followed, grouped in the Maastricht criteria. The United Kingdom's currency, sterling, is rated fourth on Investopedia's list of the top 8 most tradable currencies, and that it i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Obsolete Currencies
Modern may refer to: History *Modern history ** Early Modern period ** Late Modern period *** 18th century *** 19th century *** 20th century ** Contemporary history * Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century Philosophy and sociology * Modernity, a loosely defined concept delineating a number of societal, economic and ideological features that contrast with "pre-modern" times or societies ** Late modernity Art * Modernism ** Modernist poetry * Modern art, a form of art * Modern dance, a dance form developed in the early 20th century * Modern architecture, a broad movement and period in architectural history ** Moderne, multiple architectural styles ** Modernisme a.k.a. Catalan Modernism * Modern music (other) Geography *Modra, a Slovak city, referred to in the German language as "Modern" Typography * Modern (typeface), a raster font packaged with Windows XP * Another name for the typeface classification known as Didone (typography) * Modern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swiss Franc
The Swiss franc, or simply the franc, is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is also legal tender in the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia which is surrounded by Swiss territory. The Swiss National Bank (SNB) issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins. It is also designated through currency signs ''Fr.'' (in German language), ''fr.'' (in French language, French, Italian language, Italian, Romansh languages), as well as in any other language, or internationally as ''CHF'' which stands for Franc. This acronym also serves as the ISO 4217 currency code, used by banks and financial institutions. The smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a (Rp.) in German, (c.) in French, (ct.) in Italian, and (rp.) in Romansh. The official symbols ''Fr.'' (German symbol) and ''fr.'' (Latin languages) are widely used by businesses and advertisers, also for the English language. According to ''Art. 1 SR/RS 941.101'' of the federal law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Swiss Alps, Alps and the Jura Mountains, Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's Demographics of Switzerland, 9 million people are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts List of cities in Switzerland, its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich, Geneva, and Lausanne. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of Cantons of Switzerland, 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh language, Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zollverein
The (), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of States of the German Confederation, German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had been in development from 1818 with the creation of a variety of custom unions among the German states. By 1866, the included most of the German states. The Zollverein was not part of the German Confederation (1815-1866). The foundation of the was the first instance in history in which independent states consummated a full economic union without the simultaneous creation of a political federation or Political union, union. Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia was the primary driver behind the creation of the customs union. Austrian Empire, Austria was excluded from the because of its highly Protectionism, protectionist trade policy, the unwillingness to split its customs territory into the separate Austrian, Hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cologne Mark
The Cologne mark is an obsolete unit of weight (or mass) equivalent to 233.856 grams (about 3,609 grains). The Cologne mark was in use from the 11th century onward. It came to be used as the base unit for a number of currency standards, including the Lübeck monetary system, which was important in northern Europe in the late Middle Ages, and the coinage systems of the Holy Roman Empire, most significantly the 1754 conventionsthaler, defined as of a Cologne mark. The conventionsthaler replaced the reichsthaler, of a Cologne mark. The mark is defined as half a Cologne ( pound). A is divided into 16 ( ounces) of 29.23 grams (about 451 grains). Each is subdivided into 2 , 8 , and 32 . This ounce is the basis of several other pounds, including in England the Tower pound (12 ounces), the merchant's pound (15 ounces), and the London pound (16 ounces). The Cologne (2 marks) should not be confused with the of around 350 grams, 5400 grains, used in the Nuremberg apothecaries' s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussian Thaler
The Prussian Thaler (sometimes Prussian Reichsthaler) was the currency of Prussia until 1857. In 1750, Johann Philipp Graumann implemented the ''Graumannscher Fuß'' with 14 thalers issued to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 16.704 g per thaler. Gold coins were called as Friedrich d'or from 1750 to 1857 except for 1797 (Ducant in 1797), and silver coins were called as Thalers. The weight, and finesse of coins had changed as the kings changed. Until 1821, the thaler was subdivided in Brandenburg into 24 ''Groschen'', each of 12 '' Pfennige''. In Prussia proper, it was subdivided into 3 ''Polish Gulden = FL = Zloty '', each of 30 ''Groschen'' (each Groschen = 18 Pfennige) or 90 ''Schilling''. Prussia's currency was unified in 1821, with the Thaler subdivided into 30 ''Silbergroschen'', each of 12 ''Pfennige''. While the predominant North German thaler used in other North German states from 1750 to 1840 was issued 13 to a Mark and appeared in denominations of and 1 thalers, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of Provinces of the Netherlands, twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares Maritime boundary, maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch language, Dutch, with West Frisian language, West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English_language, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean Netherlands, Caribbean territories. The people who are from the Netherlands is often referred to as Dutch people, Dutch Ethnicity, Ethnicity group, not to be confused by the language. ''Netherlands'' literally means "lower countries" i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
