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Kataeb Regulatory Forces
The Kataeb Regulatory Forces – KRF () or Forces Régulatoires des Kataeb (FRK) in French, were the military wing of the right-wing Lebanese Christian Kataeb Party, otherwise known as the 'Phalange', from 1961 to 1977. The Kataeb militia, which fought in the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, was the predecessor of the Lebanese Forces. Origins The Phalange party militia was not only the largest and best organized political paramilitary force in Lebanon but also the oldest. It was founded in 1937 as the "Fighter's organization" (, ''Tanẓīm al-muqātilīn'') by the President of the Party, the za'im (political boss) Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, a Lebanese-American glass industrialist, who led them during the 1958 civil war. Fighting alongside the pro-government forces in support of President Camille Chamoun, the Phalangists defended the Matn District, a traditional Phalangist stronghold centered at the town of Bikfaya – the Gemayel family's feudal seat –, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israeli–Lebanese Conflict
The Israeli–Lebanese conflict, or the South Lebanon conflict,G. Rongxing. ''Territorial Disputes and Conflict Management: The Art of Avoiding War''. p71. is a long-running conflict involving Israel, Lebanon-based paramilitary groups, and sometimes Syria. The conflict peaked during the Lebanese Civil War. In response to Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon, Palestinian attacks from Lebanon, Israel invaded the country 1978 South Lebanon conflict, in 1978 and again 1982 Lebanon War, in 1982. After this it Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon, occupied southern Lebanon until 2000, while fighting South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000), a guerrilla conflict against Shia paramilitaries. After Israel's withdrawal, Hezbollah attacks sparked the 2006 Lebanon War. A Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present), new period of conflict began in 2023, leading to the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recruited militants in Lebanon from among th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanese Front
The Lebanese Front was a coalition of mainly right-wing Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian groups during the Lebanese Civil War. It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and other left-wing allies. History The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon, Camille Chamoun, and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel, the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon, the Kataeb Party, president Suleiman Frangieh, who had just finished his presidential years in office. It also included first class intellectuals, such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958, and Fouad Frem al-Boustani, the president of the Lebanese University. The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis, who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanese National Movement
The Lebanese National Movement (LNM; , ''Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya'') was a front of Leftist, pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP). The Vice-President was Inaam Raad, leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim, leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (CAOL). The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War, the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front, which comprised the nationalist Phalange, the National Liberal Party and others; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government. Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, Israeli security apparatus. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff (Israel), chief of the general staff, who is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense (Israel), defense minister. On the orders of first prime minister David Ben-Gurion, the IDF was formed on 26 May 1948 and began to operate as a Conscription in Israel, conscript military, drawing its initial recruits from the already-existing paramilitaries of the Yishuv—namely Haganah, the Irgun, and Lehi (militant group), Lehi. It was formed shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence and has participated in List of wars involving Israel, every armed conflict involving Israel. In the wak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG)
The Lebanese Youth Movement – LYM (Arabic: حركة الشباب اللبنانية , ''Harakat al-Shabab al-Lubnaniyya''), also known as the Maroun Khoury Group (MKG), was a Christianity in Lebanon, Christian militia which fought in the Lebanese Civil War#First phase (1975–1977), 1975-77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War. Origins The LYM was founded in the early 1970s as an association of Maronite Christianity in Lebanon, Maronite right-wing university students, who strongly opposed the Cairo Agreement (1969), 1969 Cairo Agreement and the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions in Lebanon, by Maroun el-Khoury (''nom de guerre'' "Bash Maroun"), the son of the former head of the Dekwaneh district of East Beirut, Naim el-Khoury. Political beliefs Being violently anti-communist and anti-Palestinian people, Palestinian, the group's ideology stemmed from the extremist Phoenicianism, Phoenicist identities espoused by the Guardians of the Cedars. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zgharta Liberation Army
The Zgharta Liberation Army – ZLA (), also known as Zghartawi Liberation Army, was the paramilitary branch of the Lebanese Marada Movement during the Lebanese Civil War. The militia was formed in the late 1960s by the future President of Lebanon and za'im Suleiman Frangieh as the Marada Brigade (also translated as Mardaite Brigade (Arabic: ''Liwa' al-Marada'') and was initially led by Suleiman Franjieh's son, Tony Frangieh, who held the command until his death in the June 1978 Ehden massacre. The ZLA operated mainly out of Tripoli and Zgharta, but it also fought in Beirut, Bsharri and Ehden, where they clashed with various Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions and their allied leftist Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), as well as the rival Christian Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia and its successor, the Lebanese Forces (LF). Origins The Al-Marada's military wing was secretly formed in 1967 and at the outbreak of the war in A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigers Militia
The Tigers militia (Arabic: نمور الأحرار, transliterated: ''Numūr al-Aḥrar''; French: ''PNL "Lionceaux"''), also known as Tigers of the Liberals (Arabic: نمور الليبراليين, transliterated: ''Numūr al-Lībrāliyyīn'') was the military wing of the National Liberal Party (NLP) during the 1975-78 phase of the Lebanese Civil War. Established in the late 1960s, the NLP militia was the second major faction within the Lebanese nationalist Christian Lebanese Front coalition under the leadership of Dany Chamoun, son of the NLP's president Camille Chamoun, from 1976 until 1980, when it was forcefully incorporated into the Lebanese Forces. Origins The NLP militia was first raised in October 1968 by the former President of Lebanon Camille Chamoun at his home town of Es-Saadiyat, in the predominantly Maronite region of Mount Lebanon. Chamoun was an important za'im, or political boss, being the patriarch of the prominent political Chamoun family. He he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahrar Flag
Ahrar (Arabic, 'freemen' or 'liberals') may refer to: Organisations and political parties * Ahrar Party (Azerbaijan), 1918–1920 *Liberal Socialists Party ''(Hizb al-Ahrar)'', Egypt, founded 1976 * Ahrar Party (India), or Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam, founded in Punjab 1929 ** Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam *National Liberal Party (Lebanon), or Al-Wataniyyuun al Ahrar, founded 1958 * Al-Ahrar Bloc, Iraq, founded in 2014 * Ahrar ul Hind, Pakistan, founded in 2014 * Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, a Pakistani terrorist organization, founded 2014 Syrian Civil War groups * Ahrar al-Jazeera brigade *Ahrar al-Sham *Jaysh al-Ahrar * Ahrar al-Sharkas *Ahrar al-Sharqiya * Liwa Ahrar Souriya Media * ''Al Ahrar'' (weekly), Egyptian newspaper (1977–2013) * Libya Al Ahrar TV, Libyan TV channel Places * Ahrar Vocational School, a public school in Tehran Province, Iran. People * Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi, a general of the Umayyad army * Al-Hurr al-Amili (1624–1693), a Twelver Shi’a scholar *Al-Hurr ibn Abd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Tanzim
Al-Tanzim, ''Al-Tanzym'' or ''At-Tanzim'' () was the name of an secret military society and militia set up by Christianity in Lebanon, Christian activists in Lebanon at the early 1970s, and which came to play an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. Emblem The emblem of the group, a map of Lebanon with a Cedrus libani, cedar tree at the center, with the phrase "You love it, work for it" written below, was designed in 1970 during an expedition made by the ''Tanzim'' to the village of Kfarchouba in Hasbaya District, Nabatieh Governorate, in order to assist the affected population in the reconstruction effort, following an Israel Air Force, Israeli Air Force (IAF) Strategic bombing, air raid in Southern Lebanon. Kfarchouba is a mainly Islam in Lebanon, Muslim village in Southern Lebanon and this act symbolized the Nationalist yet Secular ideals of the ''Tanzim''. Origins The Tanzim was first formed in 1969 by a small group of young Lebanese Armed Forces, Lebanese Army office ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Tanzim Logo
Al-Tanzim, ''Al-Tanzym'' or ''At-Tanzim'' () was the name of an secret military society and militia set up by Christian activists in Lebanon at the early 1970s, and which came to play an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. Emblem The emblem of the group, a map of Lebanon with a cedar tree at the center, with the phrase "You love it, work for it" written below, was designed in 1970 during an expedition made by the ''Tanzim'' to the village of Kfarchouba in Hasbaya District, Nabatieh Governorate, in order to assist the affected population in the reconstruction effort, following an Israeli Air Force (IAF) air raid in Southern Lebanon. Kfarchouba is a mainly Muslim village in Southern Lebanon and this act symbolized the Nationalist yet Secular ideals of the ''Tanzim''. Origins The Tanzim was first formed in 1969 by a small group of young Lebanese Army officers who contested the Cairo agreement, which led them to break away from the Kataeb Party or 'Phalange' in the late ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyous Team Of Commandos
The Tyous Team of Commandos – TTC (, ''Fariq Tyous min' al-Maghawir'') or simply Tyous for short ('Tyous' means 'Male Goat' in Arabic, also translated as the "Stubborn Ones"; "Les Têtus", "Les Obstinés" in French), was a small Christian militia which fought in the 1975–78 phase of the Lebanese Civil War. Origins The Tyous (written in Arabic as pronounced Tyoos) were quietly formed at the early 1970s in Beirut by one Al Anid, a Christian Maronite rightwing activist who strongly opposed the 1969 Cairo Agreement and the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions in Lebanon. Prior to 1975 Al Anid cultivated close relations with other Christian rightist parties and organizations, which enabled his group to receive funds and military training, namely from the Kataeb Party and the secretive Al-Tanzim. The original members of the TTC were predominantly Maronites but soon began to accept volunteers from the Syriac Christian community of Iraqi orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guardians Of The Cedars
The Guardians of the Cedars (GoC; ; ''Ḥurrās al-Arz) was'' a Lebanese nationalist party and former militia in Lebanon. It was formed by Étienne Saqr (also known with the kunya "Abu Arz" or "Father of the Cedars") and others along with the Lebanese Renewal Party in the early 1970s. It operated in the Lebanese Civil War under the slogan: ''Lebanon, at your service.'' The militia was explicitly anti-Palestinian, and gained a reputation for brutality against Palestinian fighters. Creation The Guardians of the Cedars started to form a militia in the years leading up to the Lebanese Civil War and commenced military operations in April 1975. In September 1975, Communiqué No. 1 was issued to denounce advocates of the partition of Lebanon. The second communiqué contained a bitter attack on the Palestinians. The third articulated the party's stance on the issue of Lebanese identity: Lebanon should dissociate itself from Arabism. The party spread its messages by means of graffi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
