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Isotemnidae
Isotemnidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals known from the Paleocene ( Las Flores Formation, Itaboraian) to Middle Miocene (Honda Group, Laventan) of South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ....McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. References Further reading * * M. McKenna. 1956. Survival of primitive Notoungulates and Condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 254:736-743 Toxodonts Paleocene mammals Eocene mammals Oligocene mammals Miocene mammals of South America Langhian extinctions Paleocene first appearances Fossil taxa described in 1887 Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino Prehistoric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isotemnus
''Isotemnus'' is an extinct genus of notoungulate belonging to the family Isotemnidae. It lived from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene of what is now Argentina. Description This genus was smaller than ''Thomashuxleya'' and ''Periphragnis'', and did not exceed 50 kilograms in weight. Its build was comparable to a modern peccary, with a body relatively massive and strong and sturdy legs. Compared to other Eocene notoungulates, like basal Notohippidae and Notostylopidae, ''Isotemnus'' had an humerus whose distal part had a high medial trochlear crest, while the bicipital radial tuberosity was almost unexistant. The astragalus had a broad and low trochlea with a short neck. The calcaneus had rectangular fibular facets, and an unusually thick sustentaculum. Several of the distinctive anatomical leg characteristics of ''Isotemnus'' could be due to its smaller size ; ''Periphragnis'' and ''Thomashuxleya'', while very similar, had different characteristics. Classification '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleurostylodon
''Pleurostylodon'' is an extinct genus of notoungulate belonging to the family Isotemnidae. It lived during the Middle Eocene, in what is now Argentina. Description This genus is known from numerous remains, mainly cranial, allowing to reconstruct its morphology. It was approximately the size of a sheep, with an appearance evocating a tapir or a boar. ''Pleurostylodon'' had a large skull, widening in the orbital arch area, and narrowing in the posterior area of the muzzle, whose terminal part was enlarged and had small incisors ; there was no diastema after the canines. The muzzle was shorter than in more derived and specialized toxodonts such as ''Adinotherium'', and the occipital area was narrower. Several characteristics of its maxilla, of its teeth and of its unspecialized auditory region evocates '' Homalodotherium''. The third upper incisor was enlarged, and vaguely resembling a canine, while the canine was larger and lanceolate. The premolars and molars had an external e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Periphragnis
''Periphragnis'' is an extinct genus of isotemnid notoungulates that lived from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene in what is now Argentina and Chile. Description This animal was of robust build, with powerful, probably digitigrade legs ending in hooves. The forelegs, particularly robust, shared similarities with those of its relative ''Thomashuxleya'', but had less flattened ungulate phalanges. ''Periphragnis'' was approximately one meter and a half long, around the size of a modern boar. Its skull had a small neurocranium, and the dentition was complete and almost without any diastema. The canines were large-sized. ''Periphragnis'' had multiple similarities with ''Thomashuxleya'', but its teeth had a slightly higher crown, although still brachydont. The parastyle and paracon folds in the upper molars were less prominent, as well as less distinctly separated ; the folds of the parastyle, in the upper teeth of the jugal area, intersected with the labial metastyle of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pampatemnus
''Pampatemnus'' is an extinct genus of notoungulate belonging to the family Isotemnidae that lived during the Early to Middle Eocene of what is now Argentina. Etymology The genus name, ''Pampatemnus'', is composed of the prefix ''Pampa-'', the Quechua word for "plain", and the suffix ''-temnus'', from the greek word ''Τεμγυς'', meaning "groove", a suffix commonly used by Florentino Ameghino to name genera of Isotemnidae. Description ''Pampatemnus'' was discovered in outcrops of the Lumbrera Formation, an Eocene geological formation located in the Guachipas Department of the Salta Province. Two species attributed to the genus have been described : ''Pampatemnus infernalis'' and ''Pampatemnus deuterus''. The species name ''infernalis'' was given to honor the Legion Infernal, a gaucho regiment who took an important role in the Spanish American wars of independence The Spanish American wars of independence (25 September 1808 – 29 September 1833; es, Guerras de i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxodonts
Toxodontia. Retrieved April 2013. is a suborder of the meridiungulate order Notoungulata. Most of the members of the five included families, including the largest notoungulates, share several dental, auditory and tarsal specializations. The group is named after ''Toxodon'', the first example of the group to be discovered by science. Description Isotemnidae, the oldest and most primitive family of toxodonts, were generally large animals with larger canines than other early notoungulates. The family is probably paraphyletic or polyphyletic since only primitive dental features unite the 12 included genera, such as a complete dentition with unreduced canines and no diastemata in the earliest genera. Likewise, they are only weakly linked to other toxodonts by a few dental features, and their primitive cheek tooth pattern can be basal to all notoungulates except notioprogonians. The oldest of the 12 genera in this family is '' Isotemnus'' known from the Riochican- Casamayoran, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Notoungulata
Notoungulata is an extinct order of mammalian ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the Holocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resembling animals as disparate as rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of South American native ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings, Typotheria and Toxodontia. Notoungulates first diversified during the Eocene. Their diversity declined during the Late Neogene, with only the large toxodontids persisting until the end of the Pleistocene. Collagen analysis suggests that notoungulates are closely related to litopterns, another group of South American ungulates, and their closest living relatives being perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates), including rhinoceroses, tapirs and equines. but their relationships to other South American ungulates are uncert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhyphodon
''Rhyphodon'' is an extinct genus of Notoungulate, who lived from the Middle to the Late Eocene in what is today South America. Description This genus is only known from cranial remains, but by comparing it with some of its better known relatives, it is possible to reconstruct its appearance. ''Rhyphodon'' probably was a medium-sized herbivore, the size of a large dog, with strong legs, each having five hooved toes. The skull, more than 20 centimeters long, had a relatively short muzzle and a primitive and complete set of teeth. The mandible had three incisors, a canine, four premolars and three molars. The teeth shared similarities with those of its relative ''Periphragnis'', from which they were distinguished by a lack of cingulum and a greater coverage of wrinkled enamel on the molars. A fossil attributed to ''Rhyphodon'' preserves an endocranial cast, allowing researchers to reconstruct the shape of various structures of the animal brain ; the endocranium was similar to othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paleocene
The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''palaiós'' meaning "old" and the Eocene Epoch (which succeeds the Paleocene), translating to "the old part of the Eocene". The epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history. The K–Pg extinction event, brought on by an asteroid impact and possibly volcanism, marked the beginning of the Paleocene and killed off 75% of living species, most famously the non-avian dinosaurs. The end of the epoch was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which was a major climatic event wherein about 2,500–4,500 gigatons of carbon were released into the atmosphere and ocean systems, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification. In the Paleocene, the continents of the Northern Hemisphere were still connected v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion of a single continent called Americas, America. South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territory, dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one administrative division, internal territory: French Guiana. In addition, the ABC islands (Leeward Antilles), ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Asce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honda Group, Colombia
The Honda Group ( es, Grupo Honda, Tsh, Ngh) is a group (geology), geological group of the Upper Magdalena Basin, Upper and Middle Magdalena Basins and the adjacent Cordillera Central (Colombia), Central and Cordillera Oriental (Colombia), Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, in older literature also defined as formation, is in its present-day type section in the Tatacoa Desert in the departments of Colombia, department of Huila Department, Huila subdivided into two main formations; La Victoria and Villavieja. The group was originally defined in and named after Honda, Tolima, Honda, Tolima, but has been redefined based on the many fossil finds in the Tatacoa Desert, to the south. In the original type section of its occurrence, the thick group is subdivided into three formations, from old to young; Cambrás, San Antonio and Los Limones. The group dates to the Neogene period; in its broadest definition from the Oligocene, Late Oligocene to Miocene, Late Miocene, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society
The ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society. The editor-in-chief is Maarten Christenhusz (Linnean Society). It was established in 1856 as the ''Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology'' and renamed ''Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology'' in 1866. It obtained its current title in 1969. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.286. References External links * Zoology journals Linnean Society of London Monthly journals Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies Publications established in 1856 {{zoo-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
