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Irisaĝrig
Irisaĝrig (also Urusagrig, Iri-Saĝrig, and in the Akkadian language Al-Šarrākī) was an ancient Near East city in Iraq whose location is not known with certainty but is currently thought to be at the site of Tell al-Wilayah, on the ancient Mama-šarrat canal off the Tigris river, near the ancient site of Kesh, Tulul al-Baqarat. The city was occupied during the Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, and early Old Babylonian periods. While cuneiform tablets from the city had appeared from time to time, the flood of artifacts entering the private market from looting which followed the 2003 war in Iraq included a large number from Irisaĝrig. This spurred interest by archaeologist in finding the site. The city became of popular interest because of the Hobby Lobby smuggling scandal which resulted in a large number of Irisaĝrig artifacts and cuneiform tablets being repatriated to Iraq without being recorded and published first. While there were a number of significant temples in the city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hobby Lobby Smuggling Scandal
The Hobby Lobby smuggling scandal started in 2009 when representatives of the Hobby Lobby chain of craft stores received a large number of Bulla (seal), clay bullae and clay tablets, tablets originating in the ancient Near East. The artifacts were intended for the Museum of the Bible, funded by the Evangelical Christian Green family, which owns the Hobby Lobby chain. Internal staff had warned superiors that the items had dubious provenance and were potentially archaeological looting in Iraq, looted from Iraq. Several shipments of the artifacts were seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, US customs agents in 2011, triggering a struggle between Hobby Lobby and the federal government that culminated in a 2017 Civil forfeiture in the United States, civil forfeiture case ''United States of America v. Approximately Four Hundred Fifty Ancient Cuneiform Tablets and Approximately Three Thousand Ancient Clay Bullae''. As a result of the case, Hobby Lobby agreed to return the artifacts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malgium
Malgium (also Malkum) (Ĝalgi’a or Ĝalgu’a in Sumerian, and Malgû(m) in Akkadian) is an ancient Mesopotamian city tentatively identified as Tell Yassir (one of a group of tells called collectively Tulūl al-Fāj) which thrived especially in the Middle Bronze Age, ca. 2000 BC - 1600 BC.Frayne, Douglas, "Malgium", Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). Volume 4, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods, University of Toronto Press, pp. 668–670, 1990 Malgium formed a small city-state in an area where the edges of the territories controlled by Larsa, Babylon and Elam converged. Inscribed in cuneiform as ma-al-gi-imKI, its chief deities were Ea (whose temple was called Enamtila) and Damkina.De Boer, Rients, "An early Old Babylonian archive from the kingdom of Malgium?", Journal Asiatique 301.1, pp. 19-25, 2013 A temple of Ulmašītum is known to have been there. There was also a temple to the goddess Bēlet-ilī called Ekitusgestu as well as a temple to the god ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aruru (goddess)
Aruru was a Mesopotamian goddess. The origin of her name is presently uncertain. While initially considered an independent deity associated with vegetation and portrayed in hymns as violent, she eventually came to be viewed as analogous Ninhursag. Her name could also function as an epithet of goddesses such as Nisaba and Ezina- Kusu. She was often called the older sister of Enlil. Her cult centers most likely were the cities of Kesh, Adab and Irisaĝrig. She appears in a number of literary texts, some of which preserve information about her original character. She is also present in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', which portrays her as the creator of Enkidu. Name and character The etymology of the theonym Aruru ('' dA-ru-ru'', 𒀭𒀀𒊒𒊒) is considered either uncertain or unknown. A connection with Sumerian ''a-ru'' or ''a-ri'', which can be translated as "the one who lets the seed flow," has been deemed implausible by Manfred Krebernik, as this term is only used in this s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashgi
Ashgi ( ''Ašgi'') was a Mesopotamian god associated with Adab (city), Adab and Kesh (Sumer), Kesh. While he was originally the tutelary deity of the former of these two cities, he was eventually replaced in this role by his mother Ninhursag, locally known under the name Digirmah. He is mostly attested in sources from before the Old Babylonian period. Character In the Kesh temple hymn, Ashgi is characterized as a warrior god. He was also the tutelary god of Adab (city), Adab. While Thorkild Jacobsen classified Ashgi as one of the gods associated with herding, the view that Mesopotamian gods can be grouped based on "the ecological potential of their respective habitats" has been criticized by Wilfred G. Lambert, who characterized it as creating "more system than really existed." Frans Wiggermann notes that in some cases such associations in cases where they are actually attested, like the connection between the moon god Nanna (Sumerian deity), Nanna and cow herding, might at best r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ašgi
Ashgi ( ''Ašgi'') was a Mesopotamian god associated with Adab and Kesh. While he was originally the tutelary deity of the former of these two cities, he was eventually replaced in this role by his mother Ninhursag, locally known under the name Digirmah. He is mostly attested in sources from before the Old Babylonian period. Character In the Kesh temple hymn, Ashgi is characterized as a warrior god. He was also the tutelary god of Adab. While Thorkild Jacobsen classified Ashgi as one of the gods associated with herding, the view that Mesopotamian gods can be grouped based on "the ecological potential of their respective habitats" has been criticized by Wilfred G. Lambert, who characterized it as creating "more system than really existed." Frans Wiggermann notes that in some cases such associations in cases where they are actually attested, like the connection between the moon god Nanna and cow herding, might at best represent secondary developments. Connections with other de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kesh (Sumer)
Kesh (Keš or Keši) was an ancient Sumerian city and religious site, whose patron goddess was Ninhursag. It was included on the "city seals" found at Jemdat Nasr. These seals sparked the theory at an Early Dynastic Kengir League control Sumer at that time. Its location is uncertain; some of the possible sites put forth include Al-Ubaid, near Ur, or Tell al-Wilayah near Adab or Abu Salabikh or even Tell Jidr though the consensus is now with Tell al-Wilayah or Tulul al-Baqarat. The city is known to be located near to the ancient city of Irisaĝrig and was under the control of that city. According to a riddle from Early Dynastic times, there was a Kesh Canal, which Adab was on. It has been suggested that Mesilim, traditionally considered "King of Kish" was actually a ruler of Kesh, based on epigraphic reasons and by the fact that he called himself "beloved son of Ninharsag". Historical sources A number of personal names from the Early Dynastic period include the city of Kesh. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Al-Wilayah
Tell al-Wilayah (also Tell al-Wilaya) is an archaeological site in the Wasit Governorate of eastern Iraq. The site has now been completely destroyed by large scale looting. It is located around 20 km southwest of the modern city of Kut, several kilometers east of Tell Waresh 2, and 6 kilometers southwest of Tulul al-Baqarat. It has been proposed that the tutelary deities of the site were either the god Nergal or a local god Aški, and the goddess Mamma/Mammïtum. History The site was occupied beginning in the Early Dynastic period extending into the Akkadian and Ur III periods. It has been suggested as the location of Kesh, now thought to be at Tulul al-Baqarat. It has also been proposed as the site of Irisaĝrig. The lost city of Larak has also been proposed. Archaeology There were two mounds. The main mound Tell al-Wilayah I covered 64 hectares with a height of 5 meters. Tell al-Wilayah II, about 500 meters to the south, covered about 4.5 hectares and rose to about 5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cities Of The Ancient Near East
The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: its history began in the 4th millennium BC and ended, depending on the interpretation of the term, either with the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or with that by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The largest cities of the Bronze Age Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age, with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. Ebla is estimated to have had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in the Intermediate Bronze age. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had a population of some 50,000–60,000. Niniveh had some 20,000–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the Iron Age (around 700 BC). In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Jidr
Bad-tibira (also Patibira) ( Sumerian: , bad3-tibiraki) was an ancient Sumerian city on the Iturungal canal dating back to the Early Dynastic period, which appears among antediluvian cities in the Sumerian King List. In the earliest days of Akkadian language studies its name was mistakenly read as Dûr-gurgurri. A location is proposed as modern Tell al-Madineh (also Tell Madineh and Tell al-Mada’in), between Ash Shatrah and Tell as-Senkereh (ancient Larsa) and 33 kilometers northeast of ancient Girsu in southern Iraq. The proposal is based on unprovenanced illegally excavated inscriptions which were said to have come from there. Earlier excavations at a mound called Medain near the site of Lagash, following a report of a vendor of one of the inscriptions, had proved fruitlessVaughn E. Crawford, "The Location of Bad-Tibira", Iraq 22, "Ur in Retrospect. In Memory of Sir C. Leonard Woolley", pp. 197-199, (Spring - Autumn 1960 There is known to be a temple of the deity Kittum at Bad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the Iraq–Kuwait border, southeast, Jordan to Iraq–Jordan border, the southwest, and Syria to Iraq–Syria border, the west. The country covers an area of and has Demographics of Iraq, a population of over 46 million, making it the List of countries by area, 58th largest country by area and the List of countries by population, 31st most populous in the world. Baghdad, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the List of largest cities of Iraq, largest in the country. Starting in the 6th millennium BC, the fertile plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including Sumer, Akkadian Empire, Akkad, and Assyria. Known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garšana
Garšana (also Garshana and GARšana) was a city in the ancient Near East which is still unlocated. A proposed reading of the toponym is "Nig2-ša(-an)-naki". It was also referred to as "Uṣar-GARšana" indicating it was a newly built town. It is primarily known from the late 3rd millennium BC during the time of the Ur III empire. It is known to have been sited in the Umma province though was under direct royal control by Ur III rulers and had close relations with the unlocated ancient city of Iri-Saĝrig. Though the city has not yet been found a number of cuneiform tablets have appeared on the antiquities market which have enabled important insights into everyday life in that period. There is some indication that there was a military camp with the same name adjacent to the town of Garšana. History All the current sources from Garšana come from the period of the Ur III empire. It was one of at least 20 royal settlements in the Umma province including Zabalam, Karkar, and NAGs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibbi-Sîn
Ibbi-Sin (, ), (died c. 2004 BC) son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 2028–2004 BC (Middle chronology). During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. As faith in Ibbi-Sin's leadership failed, Elam declared its independence and began to raid as well. Ibbi-Sin ordered fortifications built at the important cities of Ur and Nippur, but these efforts were not enough to stop the raids or keep the empire unified. Cities throughout Ibbi-Sin's empire fell away from a king who could not protect them, notably Isin under the Amorite ruler Ishbi-Erra. Ibbi-Sin was, by the end of his kingship, left with only the city of Ur. In 2004 or 1940 BCE, the Elamites, along with "tribesmen from the region of Shimashki in the Zagros Mountains" sacked Ur and took Ibbi-Sin captive; he was taken to the city of Elam where he was imprisoned and, at an unknown date, died. Amorite invasion The Amorites were consid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
