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Independent Living
Independent living (IL), as seen by its advocates, is a philosophy, a way of looking at society and disability, and a worldwide movement of disabled people working for Equal opportunity, equal opportunities, self-determination, and self-respect. In the context of eldercare, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with assisted living being the next step. In most countries, proponents of the Independent Living Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly Medical model of disability, medical view of disability contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families of their own, getting education and employment, work, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. The alternative to the Med ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ed Roberts (activist)
Edward Verne Roberts (January 23, 1939 – March 14, 1995) was an American Activism, activist. He was the first wheelchair user to attend the University of California, Berkeley. He was a pioneering leader of the disability rights movement. Biography Early life Roberts contracted polio at the age of fourteen in 1953, two years before the Polio vaccine#Jonas Salk, Salk vaccine ended the epidemic. He spent eighteen months in hospitals and returned home paralyzed from the neck down except for two fingers on one hand and several toes. He slept in an Negative pressure ventilator, iron lung at night and often rested there during the day. When out of the lung he survived by "Glossopharyngeal breathing, frog breathing," a technique for forcing air into the lungs using facial and neck muscles. He attended school by telephone communication until his mother, Zona, insisted that he attend school once a week for a few hours. At school, he faced his deep fear of being stared at and transforme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Advocate
An advocate is a professional in the field of law. List of country legal systems, Different countries and legal systems use the term with somewhat differing meanings. The broad equivalent in many English law–based jurisdictions could be a barrister or a solicitor. However, in Scots law, Scottish, Law of the Isle of Man, Manx, Anglo-Dutch law, South African, Law of Italy, Italian, Law of France, French, Law of Spain, Spanish, Law of Portugal, Portuguese, Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law#Scandinavian Law, Scandinavian, Law of Poland, Polish, Israeli, South Asian and South American jurisdictions, "advocate" indicates a lawyer of superior classification. "Advocate" is in some languages an honorific for lawyers, such as "Alberico Gentili, Adv. Sir Alberico Gentili". "Advocate" also has the everyday meaning of speaking out to help someone else, such as patient advocacy or the support expected from an elected politician; this article does not cover those senses. Europe Uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paradigm
In science and philosophy, a paradigm ( ) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word ''paradigm'' is Ancient Greek, Greek in origin, meaning "pattern". Etymology ''Paradigm'' comes from Greek παράδειγμα (''paradeigma''); "pattern, example, sample"; from the verb παραδείκνυμι (''paradeiknumi''); "exhibit, represent, expose"; and that from παρά (''para''); "beside, beyond"; and δείκνυμι (''deiknumi''); "to show, to point out". In classical (Greek-based) rhetoric, a paradeigma aims to provide an audience with an illustration of a similar occurrence. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion; however, it is used to help guide them to get there. One way of how a ''paradeigma'' is meant to guide an audience would be exemplified by the role of a personal accountant. It is not the job of a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berkeley, California
Berkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland, California, Oakland and Emeryville, California, Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany, California, Albany and the Unincorporated area, unincorporated community of Kensington, California, Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County, California, Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2020 United States census, 2020 census recorded a population of 124,321. Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which is managed and operated by the university. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world. Berkeley is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amnesty International
Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments". The organization has played a notable role on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by world leaders. AI was founded in London in 1961 by the lawyer Peter Benenson. In what he called "The Forgotten Prisoners" and "An Appeal for Amnesty", which appeared on the front page of the British newspaper ''The Observer'', Benenson wrote about two students who toasted to freedom in Portugal and four other people who had been jailed in other nations because of their beliefs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russell Tribunal
The Russell Tribunal, also known as the International War Crimes Tribunal, Russell–Sartre Tribunal, or Stockholm Tribunal, was a private people's tribunal organised in 1966 by Bertrand Russell, British philosopher and Nobel Prize winner, and hosted by French philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre, along with Lelio Basso, Simone de Beauvoir, Vladimir Dedijer, Ralph Schoenman, Isaac Deutscher, Günther Anders, Lázaro Cárdenas and several others. The tribunal investigated and evaluated American foreign policy and Vietnam War, military intervention in Vietnam. Bertrand Russell justified the establishment of this body as follows: The tribunal was constituted in November 1966, and was conducted in two sessions in 1967, in Stockholm, Sweden and Roskilde, Denmark. Bertrand Russell's book on the armed confrontations underway in Vietnam, ''War Crimes in Vietnam'', was published in January 1967. His postscript called for establishing this investigative body. The findings of the tri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canada Health Act
The ''Canada Health Act'' (CHA; '), adopted in 1984, is the federal legislation in Canada for publicly-funded health insurance, commonly called " medicare", and sets out the primary objective of Canadian healthcare policy. As set out in the Act, the main objective of healthcare policy in Canada is to facilitate reasonable, continued access to quality healthcare to all Canadians, regardless of income or geographic location by establishing criteria and conditions in respect of insured health services and extended health care services. The statute establishes the framework for federal financial contributions to the provincial and territorial healthcare insurance programs under the Canada Health Transfer. With that said, the CHA deals only with how the system is financed: under the constitutional division of powers in Canadian federalism, adherence to ''Canada Health Act'' conditions is voluntary on the part of the provinces/territories; the federal government cannot compel the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deinstitutionalisation
Deinstitutionalisation (or deinstitutionalization) is the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability. In the 1950s and 1960s, it led to the closure of many psychiatric hospitals, as patients were increasingly cared for at home, in halfway houses, group homes, and clinics, in regular hospitals, or not at all. Deinstitutionalisation works in two ways. The first focuses on reducing the population size of mental institutions by releasing patients, shortening stays, and reducing both admissions and readmission rates. The second focuses on reforming psychiatric care to reduce (or avoid encouraging) feelings of dependency, hopelessness and other behaviors that make it hard for patients to adjust to a life outside of care. The modern deinstitutionalisation movement was made possible by the discovery of psychiatric medication, psychiatric drugs in the mid-20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Lung
An iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator, a medical ventilator, mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person's body and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when Muscles of respiration, muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. Need for this treatment may result from diseases including polio and botulism and certain poisons (for example, barbiturates and tubocurarine). The use of iron lungs is largely obsolete in modern medicine as more modern breathing therapies have been developed and due to the Polio eradication, eradication of polio in most of the world. In 2020 however, the COVID-19 pandemic revived some interest in them as a cheap, readily-producible substitute for Modes of mechanical ventilation#Continuous positive airway pressure, positive-pressure ventilators, which were feared to be outnumbered by patients potentially needing temporary artificially assiste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Frieden
Lex Frieden (born March 5, 1949) is an American educator, researcher, disability policy expert and disability rights activist. Frieden has been called "a chief architect of the Americans with Disabilities Act." He is also regarded as a founder and leader of the independent living movement by people with disabilities in the U.S. Biography Lex Frieden was born in Alva, Oklahoma, a rural community in northwestern Oklahoma. He graduated from Alva Senior High School in 1967 and began studying electrical engineering at Oklahoma State University. It was as a freshman that he sustained a spinal cord injury in an automobile accident. As part of his rehabilitation from that injury, he went to TIRR Memorial Hermann in Houston, where he met Dr. William A. Spencer, the rehabilitation medicine visionary. Dr. Spencer became Lex's mentor. Public service Frieden's service in the 1970s included membership on a Congressional task force on science, technology and disability empaneled by Olin E. Te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johnnie Lacy
Johnnie Ann Lacy (1937–2010) was a black disability rights and civil rights advocate, community leader, and activist. She was a leading advocate for the independent living movement, and helped found the country's first Center for Independent Living in Berkeley, California. She later served as the director of the Community Resources for Independent Living (CRIL), a nonprofit in Hayward, CA that provides advocacy, mentoring, and other services for people with disabilities. Lacy served on the California Attorney General's Commission on Disability, Hayward's Commission on Personnel and Affirmative Action, and the Mayor's Disability Council for the city and county of San Francisco. Personal life Johnnie Ann Lacy was born on January 26, 1937, in Huttig, Arkansas, to Willie McHenry Lacy Sr. and Alice Lorraine Carrington Lacy. Lacy attended segregated schools in Monroe, Louisiana until the age of 10, when she and her family moved to McCloud, California. In 1954, she graduated fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
