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Immunity
Immunity may refer to: Medicine * Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease * ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Biology * Immune system Engineering * Radiofrequence immunity describes how well an electronic circuit is protected against electromagnetic interference Law *Legal immunity, the concept of a person or entity being immune from legal liability due to a special status **Absolute immunity, a type of immunity for government officials that confers total immunity when acting in the course of their duties **Amnesty law, a law that provides immunity for past crimes ** Charitable immunity, immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid-20th century **Diplomatic immunity, agreement between sovereign governments to exclude diplomats from local laws **Immunity from prosecution (international law), exclusion of governments or their officials from prosecution unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunity (Jon Hopkins Album)
''Immunity'' is the fourth studio album by English electronic music, electronic musician and producer Jon Hopkins. It was released on 3 June 2013 by Domino Recording Company, Domino Records to critical acclaim and was nominated for the 2013 Mercury Prize for best album. Production Among the artists that contributed vocals were long-time collaborator King Creosote, and Corin Roddick and Megan James of the band Purity Ring (band), Purity Ring. It was recorded and produced in Hopkins's London studio, with Hopkins often using homemade sound effects or the natural sound of the room. Promotion On 6 March 2013, Hopkins announced that his fourth solo album ''Immunity'' would be released by Domino Records on 3 June in the UK, and 4 June in the US. A trailer for the album featuring a snippet of the track "Collider" from the album was made available through YouTube. The first single "Open Eye Signal" was uploaded on ''Pitchfork (website), Pitchfork''s YouTube channel on 24 April 2013. The h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunity (Clairo Album)
''Immunity'' is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Clairo, released on August 2, 2019, by Fader Label. The album was co-produced by Clairo and Rostam Batmanglij, formerly of Vampire Weekend. Background After the release of her first mainstream extended play, '' Diary 001'', Clairo released several songs and collaborations. In 2018, she wrote a song for the teen drama film '' Skate Kitchen'', called "Heaven". She also collaborated with Cuco and SG Lewis. On February 1, 2019, Clairo was featured on the lead single for Wallows' debut studio album, '' Nothing Happens''. On May 24, 2019, Clairo released the lead single for her album, "Bags", and announced the album release for August. Composition ''Immunity'' has been described as a soft rock, bedroom pop, electropop, and indie pop record. Tour In September 2019, Clairo embarked on a North American tour playing 31 shows at venues such as Metro Chicago and Paradise Rock Club. The tour was supported by Beabad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qualified Immunity
In the United States, qualified immunity is a legal principle of federal law that grants government officials performing discretionary (optional) functions immunity from lawsuits for damages unless the plaintiff shows that the official violated "clearly established statutory statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known". It is comparable to sovereign immunity, though it protects government employees rather than the government itself. It is less strict than absolute immunity, by protecting officials who "make reasonable but mistaken judgments about open legal questions", extending to "all [officials] but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law". Qualified immunity applies only to government officials in civil litigation, and does not protect the government itself from suits arising from officials' actions. The Supreme Court of the United States, U.S. Supreme Court first introduced the qualified immunity doctrine in Pierson v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sovereign Immunity
Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine whereby a monarch, sovereign or State (polity), state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from lawsuit, civil suit or criminal law, criminal prosecution, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts. State immunity is a similar, stronger doctrine, that applies to foreign courts. History Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the jurisdiction of another. In constitutional monarchies, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular legal maxim ''rex non potest peccare'', meaning "the king can do no wrong". Forms There are two f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomatic Immunity
Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are recognized as having legal immunity from the jurisdiction of another country.Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities U.S. Department of State, Office of Foreign Missions. It allows diplomats safe passage and freedom of travel in a host country, and affords almost total protection from local lawsuits and criminal prosecution. Diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest and most widespread practices in international relations; most civilizations since Ancient history, antiquity have granted some degree of special status to foreign envoys and messengers. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absolute Immunity
In United States law, absolute immunity is a type of sovereign immunity for government officials that confers complete immunity from criminal prosecution and suits for damages, so long as officials are acting within the scope of their duties. The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently held that government officials deserve some type of immunity from lawsuits for damages,'' Harlow v. Fitzgerald'', 457 U.S. 800, 806 (1982). and that the common law recognized this immunity. The Court reasons that this immunity is necessary to protect public officials from excessive interference with their responsibilities and from "potentially disabling threats of liability." Absolute immunity contrasts with qualified immunity, which sometimes applies when certain officials may have violated constitutional rights or federal law. Types In the United States, absolute civil immunity applies to the following people and circumstances: * lawmakers engaged in the legislative process;'' Imbl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization. Innate and adaptive The immune system has Innate immune system, innate and Adaptive immune system, adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammation, inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphocyte, lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation while the non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity. The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judicial Immunity
Judicial immunity is a form of sovereign immunity, which protects judges and others employed by the judiciary from liability resulting from their judicial actions. It is intended to ensure that judges can make decisions free from improper influence exercised on them, contributing to the impartiality of the judiciary and the rule of law. In modern times, the main purpose of "judicial immunity s to shieldjudges from the suits of ordinary people", primarily litigants who may be dissatisfied with the outcome of a case decided by the judge. Though judges may be immune to suits, in many constitutional democracies judicial misconduct or bad personal behavior is not completely protected – total impunity is considered contrary to the rule of law. Depending on the jurisdiction, they may be criminally charged for courtroom behavior unrelated to the decision-making process (for example, by shooting someone and committing a murder) and judges may be removed. The method by which judges are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunity (journal)
''Immunity'' is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal of immunology published by Cell Press. History The first issue of the journal was published in April 1994. As of 2023, the journal is edited by Peter T. Lee. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 31.745. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Notes and references External links * Immunology journals Cell Press academic journals Academic journals established in 1994 Monthly journals English-language journals 1994 establishments in the United States {{immunology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immune System
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, as well as Tumor immunology, cancer cells, Parasitic worm, parasitic worms, and also objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy biological tissue, tissue. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use humoral immunity, molecules and cell-mediated immunity, cells to perform their functions. Nearly all organisms have some kind of immune system. Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage, viral infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Immunity
The doctrine and rules of state immunity concern the protection which a sovereign state, state is given from being sued in the courts of other states. The rules relate to legal proceedings in the courts of another state, not in a state's own courts. The rules developed at a time when it was thought to be an infringement of a state's sovereignty to bring proceedings against it or its officials in a foreign country. There is now a trend in various states towards substantial exceptions to the rule of immunity; in particular, a state can be sued when the dispute arises from a commercial transaction entered into by a state or some other "non-sovereign activity" of a state. The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property, which is not yet in force, would re-formulate and harmonise the rules and their exceptions. It does not cover criminal proceedings and it does not allow civil (e.g. financial) actions for human rights abuses against state agents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sovereign Immunity In The United States
In United States law, the federal government as well as state and tribal governments generally enjoy sovereign immunity, also known as governmental immunity, from lawsuits. Local governments in most jurisdictions enjoy immunity from some forms of suit, particularly in tort. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act provides foreign governments, including state-owned companies, with a related form of immunity—state immunity—that shields them from lawsuits except in relation to certain actions relating to commercial activity in the United States. The principle of sovereign immunity in US law was inherited from the English common law legal maxim , meaning "the king can do no wrong." In some situations, sovereign immunity may be waived by law. Sovereign immunity falls into two categories: *Absolute immunity: When absolute immunity applies, a government actor may not be sued for the allegedly wrongful act, even if that person acted maliciously or in bad faith; and *Qualified immun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
