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Handkea Utriformis
''Handkea utriformis'', synonymous with ''Lycoperdon utriforme'', ''Lycoperdon caelatum'' or ''Calvatia utriformis'', is a species of the puffball family Lycoperdaceae. A rather large mushroom, it may reach dimensions of up to broad by tall. It is commonly known as the mosaic puffball, a reference to the polygonal-shaped segments the outer surface of the fruiting body develops as it matures. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths, and is edible when young. ''H. utriformis'' has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria, and can bioaccumulate the trace metals copper and zinc to relatively high concentrations. Taxonomy This puffball was originally described in 1790 by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard as ''Lycoperdon utriforme'', and since then, has been variously placed in the genera ''Bovista'', ''Lycoperdon'', ''Calvatia'', and '' Utraria''. In 1989, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Baptiste Francois Pierre Bulliard
Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean Pierre Polnareff, a fictional character from ''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure'' Places * Jean, Nevada, USA; a town * Jean, Oregon Jean is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County, Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washingt ..., USA Entertainment * Jean (dog), a female collie in silent films * "Jean" (song) (1969), by Rod McKuen, also recorded by Oliver * ''Jean Seberg'' (musical), a 1983 musical by Marvin Hamlisch Other uses * JEAN (programming language) * USS ''Jean'' (ID-1308), American cargo ship c. 1918 * Sternwheeler Jean, a 1938 paddleboat of the Willamette River See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bovista
''Bovista'' is a genus of fungi commonly known as the true puffballs. It was formerly classified within the now-obsolete order Lycoperdales, which, following a restructuring of fungal taxonomy brought about by molecular phylogeny, has been split; the species of ''Bovista'' are now placed in the family Agaricaceae of the order Agaricales. ''Bovista'' species have a collectively widespread distribution, and are found largely in temperate regions of the world. Various species have historically been used in homeopathic preparations. Description Fruit bodies are oval to spherical to pear-shaped, and typically in diameter with a white or light-colored thin and fragile exoperidum (outer layer of the peridium). Depending on the species, the exoperidium in a young specimen may be smooth, granular, or finely echinulate. This exoperidium sloughs off at maturity to expose a smooth endoperidium with a single apical pore (ostiole). The fruit bodies may be attached to the ground by fine rh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morganella (fungi)
''Morganella'' is a genus of puffball fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The genus name honors American botanist Andrew Price Morgan (1836–1907). The widely distributed genus is prevalent in tropical areas. A 2008 estimate placed nine species in ''Morganella'', but several new species have since been described. Species See also *List of Agaricales genera *List of Agaricaceae genera This is a list of genera in the mushroom-forming fungus family Agaricaceae. Genera See also * List of Agaricales families * List of Agaricales genera References ;Notes ;References Cited texts *{{cite book , vauthors=Kirk PM, ... References External links * Agaricaceae Agaricales genera {{Agaricaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vascellum
''Vascellum'' is a genus of puffball fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The genus was defined by Czech mycologist František Šmarda in 1958. Species *'' Vascellum abscissum'' (R.E.Fr.) Kreisel 1962 – South America *'' Vascellum angulatum'' (Dissing & M.Lange) P.Ponce de León 1970 *'' Vascellum cingulatum'' Homrich 1988 – South America *'' Vascellum cruciatum'' (Rostk.) P.Ponce de León 1970 – Europe, North America, South America *'' Vascellum cuzcoense'' Homrich 1988 – South America *'' Vascellum delicatum'' Homrich 1988 – South America *'' Vascellum djurense'' (Henn.) P.Ponce de León 1970 – Africa *'' Vascellum endotephrum'' (Pat.) Demoulin & Dring 1975 – Africa *'' Vascellum floridanum'' A.H.Sm. 1974 – United States *'' Vascellum hyalinum'' Homrich 1988 – South America *'' Vascellum intermedium'' A.H.Sm. 1974 – United States *'' Vascellum lloydianum'' A.H.Sm. 1974 – United States *'' Vascellum pampeanum'' (Speg.) Homrich 1988 – South America *'' Vascell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, of which two are of one strain and the other two of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia. Some gilled mushrooms in the order Agaricales have the ability to release billions of spores. The puffball fungus ''Calvatia gigantea'' has been calculated to produce about five trillion basidiospores. Most basidiospores are forcibly discharged, and are thus considered ballistospores. These spores serve as the main air dispersal units for the fungi. The spores are released during periods of high humidity and generally have a night-time or pre-dawn peak concentration in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peridium
The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of gasteroid fungi. Description Depending on the species, the peridium may vary from being paper-thin to thick and rubbery or even hard. Typically, peridia consist of one to three layers. If there is only a single layer, it is called a peridium. If two layers are present, the outer layer is called the exoperidium and the inner layer the endoperidium. If three layers are present, they are the exoperidium, the mesoperidium and the endoperidium. In the simplest subterranean forms, the peridium remains closed until the spores are mature, and even then shows no special arrangement for dehiscence or opening, but has to decay before the spores are liberated. Puffballs For most fungi, the peridium is ornamented with scales or spines. In species that become raised above ground during their development, generally known as the "puffballs", the peridium is usually d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variety (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, variety (abbreviated var.; in la, varietas) is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form. As such, it gets a three-part infraspecific name. It is sometimes recommended that the subspecies rank should be used to recognize geographic distinctiveness, whereas the variety rank is appropriate if the taxon is seen throughout the geographic range of the species. Example The pincushion cactus, '' Escobaria vivipara'' (Nutt.) Buxb., is a wide-ranging variable species occurring from Canada to Mexico, and found throughout New Mexico below about . Nine varieties have been described. Where the varieties of the pincushion cactus meet, they intergrade. The variety ''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''arizonica'' is from Arizona, while ''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''neo-mexicana'' is from New Mexico. See also ''Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum'' Definitions The term is defined in different ways by different authors. However, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gleba
Gleba (, from Latin ''glaeba, glēba'', "lump") is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn. The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away. The gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case (peridiole). It is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit-body, especially gasteromycetes. Angiocarpous fruit-bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; such as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. The presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs. The gleba consists of mycelium, and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads. Gleba found on the fruit body of species in the family Phallaceae is typically gelatinous, often fetid-smelling, and deliquescent (be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyphae
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capillitium
Capillitium (pl. capillitia) is a mass of sterile fibers within a fruit body interspersed among spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...s. It is found in Mycetozoa (slime molds) and gasteroid fungi of the fungal subdivision Agaricomycotina. In the fungi, the form of the capillitia, including shape, size, branching patterns, presence or absence of slits or pores, thickness of the walls, and color, are features that can be used to identify certain species or genera. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book , title=Poisonous Mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada , vauthors=Ammirati J, Traquair JA, Horgen PA , year=1985 , publisher=Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada , location=Markham, Ontario , isbn=978-0889029774 , page=30, 37 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
