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Hunchak
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) (), is the oldest continuously-operating Armenian political party, founded in 1887 by a group of students in Geneva, Switzerland. It was the first socialist party to operate in the Ottoman Empire and in Iran, then known as Persia. Among its founders were Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gevorg Gharadjian, Ruben Khan-Azat, Christopher Ohanian, Gabriel Kafian, and Manuel Manuelian. Its original goal was attaining Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian national liberation movement. The party is also known as Hentchak, Henchak, Social-Democratic Hentchaks, Huntchakians, Hnchakian, Henchags, and its name is taken from its newspaper '' Hunchak,'' meaning "clarion" or "bell". This is taken by party members to represent "a call or awakening, for enlightenment and freedom". History All seven founders of the party were Eastern Armenian Marxist students who had left Russian Armenia to further their education ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Liberation Movement
The Armenian national movement ( ''Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum'') included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during World War I and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the Ottoman and Russian Empires but eventually attempting to achieve an Armenian state. Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the rise of other nationalist movements in the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian national awakening developed in the early 1860s. During the Tanzimat Era, the Armenian elite worked with Ottoman reformers to prevent banditry and abuses by nomadic Kurdish tribes, particularly in the six Armenian-populated vilayets of the Ottoman Empire. When this goal failed, Armenian nationalism took hold over the intelligentsia, and the autonomy or independence for Armenians in the Ottoman and the Russian Empires was the next step. Starting in the late 1880s, Armenian nationalists e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avetis Nazarbekian
Avetis Vardani Nazarbekian (, 1866–1939), also known as ''Nazarbek'', ''Avo'' and ''Lerents'', was an Armenian poet, journalist, political activist and revolutionary. He was one of the founders of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Nazarbekian was born in Tabriz, Qajar Iran, but moved to the Russian Empire as a child and received his education there. He attended the male gymnasium in Tiflis. He then studied at Saint Petersburg Imperial University and the Sorbonne. His studies were financed by his uncle, the wealthy Tiflis Armenian capitalist Melikazarian. He focused on social sciences, familiarizing himself with contemporary economic and political theories. In the mid-1880s, he contributed to Mkrtich Portukalian's revolutionary newspaper ''Armenia''. Nazarbekian supported Portukalian's idea of creating an Armenian organization to engage in revolutionary struggle in the Ottoman Empire. While in Paris, he met Mariam Vardanian (later known as Maro Nazarbek), a fello ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunchak (journal)
''Hunchak'' (, also ''Hnchak'', ''Hentchak'') was the official organ of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. History It was founded by Avetis Nazarbekian and published in 1887–1915, 1935–1938, in Geneva and Montpellier (1887-1891), Paris (1891-1892, 1904–1915), Athens (1892-1894), London (1894-1904) and Providence (1935-1938). Hunchak's editors were Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gabriel Kafian, Ruben Khan-Azat, S. Hovian, Stepan Sapah-Gulian, Sirvard and others. The main purpose of the paper was the propaganda of the Armenian national movement for the liberation, the resistance in Western Armenian regions. ''Hunchak'' also supported the ideology of social-democracy Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ... and worker's consolidation. Hunchak consiste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruben Khan-Azat
Ruben Khan-Azat ( 1862, Yerevan - 1929, Iran), was an Armenian political activist, one of the founders and leaders of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and ''Hunchak'' journal. Biography Ruben Khan-Azat was born as Nshan Karapetyan () in 1862 in Yerevan, then part of the Russian Empire. Khanazat studied at the Geneva University, then in 1889 moved to Constantinople and Western Armenia and organized first Hunchakian political groups, initiated the Kum Kapu Affray. He supported the idea of Armenian parties' (Hunchak and Dashnak) unity, welcomed the cooperation between the Armenian and Greek organizations. In 1893-95 he worked in USA, then in Russia, he became one of the supporters of Zeitun Resistance, collected money to help his compatriots, and was arrested in 1895. After he released in 1901, he left political life. Khanazat saw that Russia and Western countries never condemned the Hamidian massacres The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Kafian
Gabriel Gerasimi Kafian (1861 – 1930, Tbilisi) was an Armenian politician and activist, one of the founders of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Kafian was born in 1861, in Shusha, and graduated from Zurich University. In 1883, he participated in the Second International. In 1887, with Avetis Nazarbekian and others, he founded the Hunchak and the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, the first socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. In 1889, he met Georgi Plekhanov and together with his group joined the Second International as a Hunchakian representative. In 1890, he moved to Constantinople, participated in the Kum Kapu Affray, then worked in Arabkir, Sebastia, Agn and Kharberd, where he formed revolutionary groups. He tried to include the Dersim Kurds in an anti-sultanic movement, but was arrested and jailed. After prison he lived in Europe. He was arrested again and transferred to Russian consul. In 1917, he participated in the February Revolutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mariam Vardanian
Mariam Vardanian (also known as Maro Nazarbek) (1864–1941) was an Armenian political activist and revolutionary in the Russian Empire. She was one of the founders of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. From Tiflis, where she was born, Maro moved to Paris, then to Geneva, where she studied at the local university. Since 1887 she was a member of editorial board of the ''Hunchak'' journal and central committee of the Hunchakian party. In 1901-1904 she met Vladimir Lenin in Paris. From 1904 onwards she was involved in revolutionary activities in the Russian Empire. In 1910, she was arrested and sent to Siberia. After the establishment of Soviet power she returned to Tiflis. In 1925 she became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),. Abbreviated in Russian as КПСС, ''KPSS''. at some points known as the Russian Communist Party (RCP), All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Armenia
Russian Armenia is the period of Armenian history under Russian rule from 1828, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire following Qajar dynasty, Qajar Iran's loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and the subsequent ceding of its territories that included Eastern Armenia per the out coming Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828.Timothy C. Dowlin''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond''pp 729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 Eastern Armenia remained part of the Russian Empire until its collapse in 1917. Background For hundreds of years, the inhabitants of Eastern Armenia lived under the rule of successive Iranian empires. Starting from the early 5th century B,C. up to 1828, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the Iranian Safavids, Safavid, Afsharid dynasty, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasty, Qajar dynasties. Subsequent wars between the Ottoman and Safavid empires led to the destruction of many of the Armenian towns, and made Armenian life difficul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gevorg Gharadjian
Gevorg Harutyuni Gharadjian (1861 in Tiflis – 1936 in Yerevan), also known as ''S. T. Arkomed'', was an Armenian political activist and revolutionary, one of the founders of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Gharajian studied at Geneva University. In 1882-83 he founded one of the first Armenian narodnik groups. He contributed to the Mkrtich Portukalian's ''Armenia'' and "Mshak", also established close contactes with Russian socialist Georgi Plekhanov and Emancipation of Labour group. In 1898 he founded first Armenian workers Marxist group in Tbilisi, and published from 1900 to 01 periodical "Banvor". In 1901 he became a member of RSDWP Tiflis committee. In 1902 he was exiled to Yenisey region. While working in Transcaucasus, he wrote for Iskra. From 1908 to 1917 he lived in Switzerland and continued cooperation with Plekhanov. Gharajian is the author of "Workers Movement and Social-Democracy in Caucasus" book, published in Geneva with a preface by Georgy Plekhanov and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March 14 Alliance
The March 14 Alliance (), named after the date of the Cedar Revolution, was a coalition of political party, political parties and independents in Lebanon formed in 2005 that were united by their anti-Ba'athist Syria, Assad stance and by their opposition to the March 8 Alliance. It was led by Saad Hariri, Walid Jumblatt and Samir Geagea, as well as other prominent figures. History The alliance was formed during public demonstrations which took place one month after the Assassination of Rafic Hariri, assassination of Lebanon's former Prime Minister, Rafic Hariri, Rafiq Hariri. This was known as the Cedar Revolution. Two protests against Syria's 29-year occupation of Lebanon were staged because it was believed that Syria had supported the murder. The Alliance was given its name in honor of the day that Syrian forces left Lebanon, which is perceived as the major achievement of the Cedar Revolution. The March 14 Alliance was made up of a range of sectarian and secular organizations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second International
The Second International, also called the Socialist International, was a political international of Labour movement, socialist and labour parties and Trade union, trade unions which existed from 1889 to 1916. It included representatives from most of Europe's major working-class organizations, though was dominated by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The international continued the work of the International Workingmen's Association, First International, which had dissolved in 1876. It was ideologically dominated by Marxism, although other viewpoints were represented, notably anarchism before the anarchists were expelled in 1896. Leading theorists within the Second International included Friedrich Engels, Karl Kautsky, and Georgi Plekhanov, as well as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg. The Second International was primarily concerned with developing and coordinating strategy and tactics, and with establishing common policies for its member parties. Congress meetings were hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pro-Europeanism
Pro-Europeanism, sometimes called European Unionism, is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU).Krisztina Arató, Petr Kaniok (editors). ''Euroscepticism and European Integration''. Political Science Research Centre Zagreb, 2009. p.40 The opposite of Pro-Europeanism is Euroscepticism. Political position Pro-Europeans are mostly classified as centrist ( Renew Europe) in the context of European politics, including centre-right liberal conservatives ( EPP Group) and centre-left social democrats ( S&D and Greens/EFA). Pro-Europeanism is ideologically closely related to the European and Global liberal movement. Pro-Europeans often argue that EU membership has specific benefits for member nations such as that the EU encourages economic prosperity among members, that it promotes peace and stability in member states, that it encourages social progress among member states, that the EU gives countries greater leverage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
