|
Hramada
Hramada (, {{IPA, be, ɣramaˈda}, sometimes also wrongly spelled as ''gramada'' or confused for the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian word ''hromada'' or Polish language, Polish word ''gromada'') is a Belarusian language, Belarusian word that means "gathering of people", i.e., "assembly". Historically a hramada was meant as a peasant commune, which gathered meetings for discussing and resolving current issues. Historically the word was often used in names of Belarusian leftist political parties. Historical political parties: * Belarusian Socialist Assembly * Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union Modern political parties: * Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) * Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly * Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) See also * Hromada * Gromada Politics of Belarus Belarusian words and phrases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Peasants' And Workers' Union
The Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union or the Hramada (, ) was a socialist agrarian political party created in 1925 by a group of Belarusian deputies to the Sejm#Sejm of the Second Polish Republic, Sejm of the Second Polish Republic that included Branislaw Tarashkyevich, Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski '':be:Сымон Рак-Міхайлоўскі, (be)'', Piotra Miatła '':be:Пётра Мятла, (be)'', and the founder of ''Hramada'' Pavieł Vałošyn '':be:Павел Пятровіч Валошын, (be)''. ''[no source of data provided]'' The group received logistical help from the Soviet Union, and financial aid from the Comintern. Ideology The main points of BPWU's program were: the democratic self-governance for West Belarus within Poland, introduction of an eight-hour working day, the recognition of the Belarusian language in Poland as a second official language, the cancellation of the "colonization of Belarus" by the Polish Osadniks, and the free distribution to peasan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly)
The Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) (; ) is an unregistered social-democratic political party in Belarus that opposes the administration of President Alexander Lukashenko. The party is a full member of the Socialist International. History The BSDP (People's Assembly) was established in March 1991. It calls itself the successor of the ''Belarusian Socialist Hramada'', which was founded in 1903. The party was left unregistered in 2004, when the government claimed that the reelection of party leader Mikalay Statkevich had been conducted illegally. Some party members then formed the Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly), which was registered. In legislative elections held between October 13–17, 2004, the party did not secure any seats. On May 31, 2020, the party's leader Mikola Statkevich was arrested on his way to a rally where signatures for Svetlana Tikhanovskaya were being gathered. He was sentenced to 15 days for participating in an uns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly)
The Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) (, Łacinka: ''Bielaruskaja sacyjal-demakratyčnaja partyja (Hramada)''; ) is a banned social-democratic political party in Belarus that opposes the government of president Alexander Lukashenko. History The party was founded in 2005 after the split within the BSDP (People's Assembly). It considers itself the successor of the historical Belarusian Socialist Assembly founded in 1902. Alaksandar Kazulin, a former rector of Belarusian State University, became the first party leader of the new registered party. The BSDP (People's Assembly) remained without registration and office. At the legislative elections in 13–17 October 2004, the party did not secure any seats. These elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments, according to the OSCE/ ODIHR Election Observation Mission. Its candidate at the presidential election of 2006, Alaksandar Kazulin, won 2.3% of the vote. In 2011, Iryna Veshtard was elected as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly
The Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly (BSDH; ; ), commonly shortened to "Hramada" or "The Assembly", is a banned Belarusian social-democratic political party. Businessman Siarhiej Čeračań has been the leader of the party since October 2018. Leadership The previous head of the party from 1998 to 2018 was Stanislav Shushkevich, who has the distinction of having been the first head of state of the Republic of Belarus after its independence from the Soviet Union, between 1991 and 1994. After running unsuccessfully for president in the 1994 election, he did not participate in politics again until helping to form the party in 1998. In 2004 he was not allowed to register as a candidate and so in the 2010 presidential election he was a supporter of candidate Andrei Sannikov. History * 1991 — Creation of the Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly, with Aleh Trusaŭ as a chairman. * 1992 — Aleh Trusaǔ becomes party chairman. * 1995 — Formation of the Social De ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of Belarus
The politics of Belarus takes place in a framework of a presidential republic with a bicameral parliament. The President of Belarus is the head of state. Executive power is nominally exercised by the government, at its top sits a ceremonial prime minister, appointed directly by the President. Legislative power is ''de jure'' vested in the bicameral parliament, the National Assembly, however the president may enact decrees that are executed the same way as laws, for undisputed time. During Soviet times, present day Belarus had a communist political system that was constitutionally defined as a Marxist–Leninist single party socialist republic guided in part by the political ideas of Karl Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, as well as by Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin. The sole legal governing party was the Communist Party of Byelorussia (CPB), which was permitted according to the constitution. Belarus' declaration of sovereignty on 27 July 1990 did no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hromada
In Ukraine, a hromada () is the main type of municipality and the third level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, local self-government in Ukraine. The current hromadas were established by the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, Government of Ukraine on 12 June 2020. A municipality is designated ''urban hromada'' if its administration is located in a city; ''settlement hromada'' if it is located in a settlement (''selyshche''), and ''rural hromada'' if it is located in a village (Village#Ukraine, ''selo'') or a ''selyshche''. Hromadas are grouped to form Raions of Ukraine, raions (districts); groups of raions form Oblasts of Ukraine, oblasts (regions). Optionally, a municipality may be divided into Starosta okruh, starosta okruhs (similar to Civil parish, civil parishes in Great Britain or Frazione, frazioni in Italy), which are the lowest level of local government in Ukraine. Similar terms exist in Poland (''gromada'') and in Belarus (''hramada''). The literal translation of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gromada
Gromada is a Polish word meaning "gathering", "group", or "assembly". In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the term referred to a village organization which embraced all the inhabitants of a village and acted as a local authority, as well as overseeing tax payments. In this sense, the gromada developed between the 16th and 18th centuries, and continued to function in Congress Poland. Their chiefs took the title of and were elected by the local population. The gromada continued to function in interwar Poland, as a subdivision of a gmina The gmina (Polish: , plural ''gminy'' ) is the basic unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. , there were 2,479 gminy throughout the country, encompassing over 43,000 villages. 940 gminy include cities and tow .... In communist Poland between 1954 and 1972, gromadas constituted the lowest tier of local government, taking over the role previously played by gminas. A gromada would generally consist of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hromada
In Ukraine, a hromada () is the main type of municipality and the third level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, local self-government in Ukraine. The current hromadas were established by the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, Government of Ukraine on 12 June 2020. A municipality is designated ''urban hromada'' if its administration is located in a city; ''settlement hromada'' if it is located in a settlement (''selyshche''), and ''rural hromada'' if it is located in a village (Village#Ukraine, ''selo'') or a ''selyshche''. Hromadas are grouped to form Raions of Ukraine, raions (districts); groups of raions form Oblasts of Ukraine, oblasts (regions). Optionally, a municipality may be divided into Starosta okruh, starosta okruhs (similar to Civil parish, civil parishes in Great Britain or Frazione, frazioni in Italy), which are the lowest level of local government in Ukraine. Similar terms exist in Poland (''gromada'') and in Belarus (''hramada''). The literal translation of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gromada
Gromada is a Polish word meaning "gathering", "group", or "assembly". In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the term referred to a village organization which embraced all the inhabitants of a village and acted as a local authority, as well as overseeing tax payments. In this sense, the gromada developed between the 16th and 18th centuries, and continued to function in Congress Poland. Their chiefs took the title of and were elected by the local population. The gromada continued to function in interwar Poland, as a subdivision of a gmina The gmina (Polish: , plural ''gminy'' ) is the basic unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. , there were 2,479 gminy throughout the country, encompassing over 43,000 villages. 940 gminy include cities and tow .... In communist Poland between 1954 and 1972, gromadas constituted the lowest tier of local government, taking over the role previously played by gminas. A gromada would generally consist of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Language
Ukrainian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first language, first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of the Cyrillic script. The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian language, Russian, another East Slavic language, yet there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian language, Belarusian,Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic", ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge). pp. 60–121. p. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). p. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Language
Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spoken in Poland and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the Polish diaspora around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth-most-spoken among languages of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional Dialects of Polish, dialects. It maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, Honorifics (linguistics), honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (, , , , , , , , ) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
