Helicotylenchus Multicinctus

	Helicotylenchus Multicinctus ''Helicotylenchus multicinctus'' is a plant pathogenic nematode that affects primarily bananas and plantains. Nematodes of the genus ''Helicotylenchus'' are spiral nematodes and feed on a large variety of plant species. History and significance ''Helicotylenchus multicinctus'' was first described by Nathan A. Cobb in 1893 as ''Tylenchus multicinctus''. After further study by A.M. Golden in 1956 it was transferred to the genus ''Helicotylenchus''. As a plant parasitic nematode of bananas it is often considered second in importance to ''Radopholus similis''. Distribution Found in most banana and plantain growing regions of the world including tropical and temperate regions of Asia, Africa, North America, Central America, South America and the Pacific Islands. Morphology Refer to ''Helicotylenchus ''Helicotylenchus'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes.O'Bannon, J. H. and R. N. Inserra''Helicotylenchus'' sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nematode The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant- parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with arthropods, tardigrades and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Secernentea Secernentea was a class of nematodes in the Classical Phylogeny System (Chitwood, 1958) and is no longer in use. This morphological-based classification system has been replaced by the Modern Phylogeny system, where taxonomy assignment is based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). Characteristics of Secernentea are: * Amphid apertures are pore/slit-like * Derids are present in some; located near nerve ring * Phasmids are present; posterior * Excretory system is tubular * Cuticle is striated in two to four layers; lateral field is present * Three esophageal glands; esophageal structure varies * Males generally have one testis * Caudal alae are common * Sensory papillae are cephalic only; may be caudal papillae in males * Mostly terrestrial * Rarely found in fresh or marine water Systematics Subclasses and orders of Secernentea are:Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002)Nematoda. Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008. * Subclass Rhabditia (paraphyletic?) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Diplogasteria Diplogasterida was an order of nematodes. It was sometimes placed in a monotypic subclass Diplogasteria, but molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown it to be embedded in the family Rhabditidae (formerly Rhabditina). The confusion of having a hierarchical nesting of groups that were formerly mutually exclusive has led to a profusion of names. Although completely revised taxonomy of nematodes that builds on recent classification systems as well as recent phylogenetic evidence is still necessary, most contemporary taxonomic studies now treat all groups listed under "Diplogasterina" below as a single family, Diplogastridae. Subdivisions Suborder Chambersiellina Hodda 2007 Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937 *Family Chambersiellidae Thorne 1937 (Sanwal 1957) Suborder Diplogasterina Paramonov 1952 Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939 Family Cylindrocorporidae T. Goodey 1939 Family Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky 1922 Superfamily Diplogasteroi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tylenchida Tylenchida is an order of nematodes. List of families * Superfamily Criconematoidea Family Criconematidae Family Tylenchulidae * Superfamily Tylenchoidea Family Anguinidae Family Belonolaimidae Family Dolichodoridae Family Ecphyadophoridae Family Hoplolaimidae Family Heteroderidae Family Pratylenchidae Family Tylenchidae * Superfamily Sphaerularina Family Allantonematidae Allantonematidae is a family of insect-parasitic nematodes from the order Tylenchida. Allantonematid nematodes infect a variety of insects including beetles, butterflies, flies, thrips, ants, and more. For instance, the nematode ''Howardula aoron ... Family Fergusobiidae Family Iotonchiidae Family Parasitylenchidae ** Family Sphaerulariidae References Further reading * Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqui. ''Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects''. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2000. External l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tylenchoidea Tylenchoidea is a superfamily of roundworms. Its members are either plant parasites or detritivore Detritivores (also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters) are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces). There are many kinds of invertebrates, ...s. References Tylenchida Animal superfamilies {{Secernentea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Hoplolaimidae Hoplolaimidae is a family of plant pathogenic nematodes. It has two subfamilies, Hoplolaiminae and Rotylenchulinae. Typically hoplolaimids are ecto- or semi endoparasites of higher plants. Subfamilies and genera in Hoplolaimidae Type subfamily Hoplolaiminae Filip'ev, 1934. * Nemonchinae Skarbilovich, 1959 * Rotylenchoidinae Whitehead, 1958 * Aphasmatylenchinae Sher, 1965 (n. syn.) * Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (n. syn.) * Pararotylenchinae Baldwin & Bell, 1981 (n. syn.) Genera * '' Hoplolaimus'' von Daday, 1905 * '' Rotylenchus'' Filip'ev, 1936 * ''Helicotylenchus'' Steiner, 1945 * ''Scutellonema ''Scutellonema'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Hoplolaimidae Hoplolaimidae is a family of plant pathogenic nematodes. It has two subfamilies, Hoplolaiminae and Rotylenchulinae. Typically hoplolaimids are ectoparasite, ecto- or ...'' Andrâssy, 1958 * '' Aorolaimus'' Sher, 1963 * '' Aphasmatylenchus'' Sher, 1965 * '' Antarctylus'' Sher, 1973 * '' Pararotylenchus'' B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Helicotylenchus ''Helicotylenchus'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes.O'Bannon, J. H. and R. N. Inserra''Helicotylenchus'' species as crop damaging parasitic nematodes.Nematology Circular 165. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1989. They are found worldwide because they can live and survive in a wide range of habitats.Subbotin, S. A., et al. (2011)Diversity and phylogenetic relationships within the spiral nematodes of ''Helicotylenchus'' Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) as inferred from analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences.''Nematology'' 13(3), 333-45. They are among the most common parasitic nematodes of plants; found in corn, bananas, grass, soybeans. Description The female is wormlike and straight or spiral-shaped. The male is similar, but with a smaller anterior end. The body may take a spiral shape after death, if not in life. This ''habitus mortis'' gives the nemat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Radopholus Similis ''Radopholus similis'' is a species of nematode known commonly as the burrowing nematode. It is a parasite of plants, and it is a pest of many agricultural crops. It is an especially important pest of bananas and citrus, and it can be found on coconut, avocado, coffee, sugarcane, other grasses, and ornamentals. It is a migratory endoparasite of roots, causing lesions that form cankers. Infected plants experience malnutrition. History and distribution The nematode was first described from necrotic tissue in a species of '' Musa'', the banana genus, in 1891. It is one of the most important root pathogens of banana crops, causing yield losses of up to 30 to 60% in many countries.Banana Nematodes: Pests and Diseases of American Samoa. Number 9. American Sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]