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Harry Gwala
Themba Harry Gwala (30 July 1920 – 20 June 1995) was an anti-apartheid activist and a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and South African Communist Party (SACP) in South Africa. Biography Early career and activism Harry Gwala trained as a teacher at Adams College and taught at Slangspruit where his students included Moses Mabhida. In 1942, Gwala joined the Communist Party of South Africa, and in 1944 joined the ANC, and moved into trade union organisation in the chemical, construction, and rubber industries. He was among the organisers of a national stay-away in 1950, and was subsequently banned under the Suppression of Communism Act. Imprisonment From 1960, Gwala was involved in the ANC underground. In 1964, he was imprisoned on Robben Island for sabotage and recruiting for Umkhonto we Sizwe. He was released in 1972, after eight years, but restricted to Pietermaritzburg by a banning order. There, he established a laundry collection business as a cover fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brackets
A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their names, that vary between British English, British and American English. "Brackets", without further qualification, are in British English the ... marks and in American English the ... marks. Other symbols are repurposed as brackets in specialist contexts, such as International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters, those used by linguists. Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as a "left" or "right" bracket or, alternatively, an "opening bracket" or "closing bracket", respectively, depending on the Writing system#Directionality, directionality of the context. In casual writing and in technical fields such as computing or linguistic analysis of grammar, brackets ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banning Order
This is a selection of people subject to a "banning order" by the apartheid-era South African government. Banning was a repressive and extrajudicial measure used by the South African apartheid regime (1948–1994) against its political opponents.Number of banned persons in South Africa totals 936 , at South African History Online The legislative authority for banning orders was firstly the , which defined virtually all opposition to the ruling [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inkatha Freedom Party
The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP; ) is a conservative political party in South Africa, which is a part of the current South African Third Cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa, government of national unity together with the African National Congress (ANC). Although registered as a national party, it has had only minor electoral success outside its home province of KwaZulu-Natal. Mangosuthu Buthelezi, who served as chief minister of KwaZulu during the Apartheid period, founded the party in 1975 and led it until 2019. He was succeeded as party president in 2019 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) National General Conference, 2019 by Velenkosini Hlabisa. During the first decade of the History of South Africa (1994–present), post-Apartheid period, the IFP received over 90% of its support from ethnic Zulus. Since then, the party has worked to increase its national support by promoting Social conservatism, social and economic conservative policies. In the 2019 South African general election, 2019 general ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negotiations To End Apartheid In South Africa
The History of South Africa in the apartheid era, apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new Interim Constitution (South Africa), interim Constitution in 1993, a precursor to the Constitution of South Africa, Constitution of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial 1994 South African general election, elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC) liberation movement. Although there had been gestures towards negotiations in the 1970s and 1980s, the process accelerated in 1990, when the government of F. W. de Klerk took a number of unilateral steps towards reform, including releasing Nelson Mandela from prison and unbanning the ANC and other political organisations. In 1990–91, bilateral "talks about talks" between the ANC and the government established the pre-conditions for substantive negotiations, codified in the Groote Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Executive Committee Of The African National Congress
The National Executive Committee (NEC) of the African National Congress (ANC) is the political party's highest decision-making body in between its party conferences. It serves as the primary executive organ responsible for leading and governing the ANC, directing the party's policies, strategies, and overall operations. The NEC is elected every five years at the ANC's National Conference of the African National Congress, National Conference and consists of 87 members, including the party's top officials, such as the President of the African National Congress, president of the ANC, deputy president, chairperson, secretary-general, two deputy secretaries-general, and treasurer-general (known as the "Top Seven"). It also elects a National Working Committee of the African National Congress, National Working Committee (NWC), which takes on the day-to-day operational responsibilities of the party. Composition Members of the NEC must have been paid-up members of the ANC for at least ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Midlands Of KwaZulu-Natal
The KwaZulu-Natal midlands is an inland area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa that starts from Pietermaritzburg and ends before the Drakensberg mountain range; between Pietermaritzburg, Estcourt and Greytown, South Africa, Greytown. Area The largest city in the midlands is Pietermaritzburg. There are also several towns located in the midlands, including: Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal, Estcourt, Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, Howick, Merrivale, KwaZulu-Natal, Merrivale, Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal, Hilton, Lions River, Dargle, KwaZulu-Natal, Dargle, Lidgetton, Balgowan, South Africa, Balgowan, Nottingham Road, Rosetta, KwaZulu-Natal, Rosetta and Mooi River (town), Mooi River. The Midlands Meander is several tourism routes that include accommodation, art and crafts, leisure, activities and restaurant stops. Some of South Africa's top private schools are located in the Midlands, including: Cowan House, Clifton Preparatory School, Nottingham Road, Clifton Preparatory School, Treverton Preparatory Scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speech At The Opening Of The Parliament Of South Africa, 1990
On 2 February 1990, the State President of South Africa F. W. deKlerk delivered a speech at the opening of the 1990 session of the Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town in which he announced sweeping reforms that marked the beginning of the negotiated transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy. The reforms promised in the speech included the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid organisations, the release of political prisoners including Nelson Mandela, the end of the state of emergency, and a moratorium on the death penalty. Background South Africa's ruling National Party (NP) had instituted a policy of apartheid in 1948, separating the different ethnic groups into set areas and only giving white South Africans the right to vote. This was opposed by several groups including the African National Congress (ANC) which often resorted to violent means to oppose it. This resulted in most African nationalist groups being banned by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motor Neuron Disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or—in the United States—Lou Gehrig's disease (LGD), is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction. ALS is the most common form of the motor neuron diseases. ALS often presents in its early stages with gradual muscle stiffness, twitches, weakness, and wasting. Motor neuron loss typically continues until the abilities to eat, speak, move, and, lastly, breathe are all lost. While only 15% of people with ALS also fully develop frontotemporal dementia, an estimated 50% face at least some minor difficulties with thinking and behavior. Depending on which of the aforementioned symptoms develops first, ALS is classified as ''limb-onset'' (begins with weakness in the arms or legs) or ''bulbar-onset'' (begins with difficulty in speaking or swallowing). Most cases of ALS (ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nelson Mandela Foundation
The Nelson Mandela Foundation is a nonprofit organisation founded by Nelson Mandela in 1999 to promote Mandela's vision of freedom and equality for all. The chairman is Naledi Pandor. And the CEO is Dr. Mbongiseni Buthelezi. Vision The vision of the Nelson Mandela Foundation is to contribute to building a society that remembers its past, listens to all voices, and pursues social justice for all. Mandela established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, as well as measures to combat poverty and expand healthcare services. He also helped to lead the African National Congress (ANC) in their 1952 campaign and prompted the manifesto known as the Freedom Charter. History The foundation was created in 1999 by Nelson Mandela when he stepped down as the president of South Africa. In 2012, the foundation broke its usually apolitical positioning by criticising Jacob Zuma for weakening state institutions. Following Robert Mugabe's attacks on the legacy of Nelson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( , ; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a Universal suffrage, fully representative democratic election. Presidency of Nelson Mandela, His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial Conflict resolution, reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialism, socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa people, Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu people, Thembu royal family in Mvezo, South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and Afr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South African History Project
The South African History Project (2001-2004) was established and initiated by Professor Kader Asmal, former Minister of Education in South Africa. This initiative followed after the publication of the Manifesto on Values, Education and Democracy and the Report of the History and Archaeology Panel in South Africa in 2001.This report was written by leading scholars who advised the then Minister of Education on the strengthening of the teaching of history in South African schools after the end of apartheid. The South African History Project addressed the challenges of revitalising the teaching and learning of history by setting up provincial networks which brought stakeholders in education, heritage, tourism and publishing together for the first time in post-apartheid South Africa. Origin and development The South African History Project came to be established as a result of a report presented by the Working Group on Values, Education and Democracy presented to then Minister o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mail & Guardian
The ''Mail & Guardian'', formerly the ''Weekly Mail'', is a South African weekly newspaper and website, published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa. It focuses on political analysis, investigative reporting, Southern African news, local arts, music and popular culture. History The publication began as the ''Weekly Mail'', an alternative newspaper by a group of journalists in 1985 after the closure of two leading liberal newspapers, '' The Rand Daily Mail'' and '' Sunday Express''. The ''Weekly Mail'' criticised the government and its apartheid policies, which led to the banning of the paper in 1988 by then State President P. W. Botha. The paper was renamed the ''Weekly Mail & Guardian'' from 30 July 1993. The paper almost folded in the early 1990s after a failed attempt to reinvent itself as a daily newspaper. The London-based Guardian Media Group (GMG), the publisher of ''The Guardian'', became the majority shareholder of the print edition in 1995, and the name was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
