Half Cuban Eight
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Half Cuban Eight
A Cuban eight or Cuban 8 is a figure eight aerobatic maneuver for both full-scale and radio-controlled fixed-wing aircraft. Variations include the half Cuban eight and reverse half Cuban eight, intended as directional changes and which are listed below. Both the basic maneuver and its name are said to have been invented by Len Povey, an American pilot who had served with the Cuban Air Force. Somewhat by accident he performed it in 1936 at the All American Air Race Meeting, which was held in Miami. Povey had intended to perform snap rolls at the top of a loop but was going too fast, so elected to continue over the top of the loop and on a whim, did a half-roll on the way down and did a symmetrical figure in the other direction. When asked later what maneuver it was, Povey responded, "Just a Cuban eight". According to the Aresti Catalog, a Cuban eight is performed thus: 5/8s of a loop to the 45 degree line, 1/2 roll, 6/8s of a loop to the 45 degree line, 1/2 roll, 1/8s of a loop ...
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Lissajous Curve
A Lissajous curve , also known as Lissajous figure or Bowditch curve , is the graph of a system of parametric equations : x=A\sin(at+\delta),\quad y=B\sin(bt), which describe the superposition of two perpendicular oscillations in x and y directions of different angular frequency (''a'' and ''b).'' The resulting family of curves was investigated by Nathaniel Bowditch in 1815, and later in more detail in 1857 by Jules Antoine Lissajous (for whom it has been named). Such motions may be considered as a particular kind of complex harmonic motion. The appearance of the figure is sensitive to the ratio . For a ratio of 1, when the frequencies match a=b, the figure is an ellipse, with special cases including circles (, radians) and lines (). A small change to one of the frequencies will mean the x oscillation after one cycle will be slightly out of synchronization with the y motion and so the ellipse will fail to close and trace a curve slightly adjacent during the next orbit sho ...
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Aerobatic Maneuver
Aerobatic maneuvers are flight paths putting aircraft in unusual attitudes, in air shows, dogfights or competition aerobatics. Aerobatics can be performed by a single aircraft or in Formation flying, formation with several others. Nearly all aircraft are capable of performing aerobatics maneuvers of some kind, although it may not be legal or safe to do so in certain aircraft. Aerobatics consist of five basic maneuvers: * Lines (both horizontal and vertical), * loops, * rolls, * spins, and * hammerheads. Most aerobatic figures are composites of these basic maneuvers with rolls superimposed. A loop is when the pilot pulls the plane up into the vertical, continues around until they are heading back in the same direction, like making a 360 degree turn, except it is in the vertical plane instead of the horizontal. The pilot will be inverted (upside down) at the top of the loop. A loop can also be performed by rolling inverted and making the same maneuver but diving towards the gro ...
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Radio Controlled Aircraft
A radio-controlled aircraft (often called RC aircraft or RC plane) is a small flying machine that is radio controlled by an operator on the ground using a hand-held radio transmitter. The transmitter continuously communicates with a receiver (radio), receiver within the craft that sends signals to servomechanisms (servos) which move the Flight control surfaces, control surfaces based on the position of joysticks on the transmitter. The control surfaces, in turn, directly affect the orientation of the plane. Flying RC aircraft as a hobby grew substantially from the 2000s with improvements in the cost, weight, performance, and capabilities of motors, battery (electricity), batteries and electronics. Scientific, government, and military organizations are also using RC aircraft for experiments, gathering weather readings, aerodynamics, aerodynamic modeling, and testing. A wide variety of models, parts, and styles is available for the DIY market. Nowadays, distinct from recreational c ...
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Miami
Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a population of 6.14 million, is the second-largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States, Southeast after Atlanta metropolitan area, Atlanta, and the Metropolitan statistical area#United States, ninth-largest in the United States. With a population of 442,241 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Miami is the List of municipalities in Florida, second-most populous city in Florida, after Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville. Miami has the List of tallest buildings in the United States#Cities with the most skyscrapers, third-largest skyline in the U.S. with over List of tallest buildings in Miami, 300 high-rises, 70 of which exceed . Miami is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and internation ...
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Aresti Catalog
The Aresti Catalog is the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) standards document enumerating the aerobatic manoeuvers permitted in aerobatic competition. Designed by Spanish aviator Colonel José Luis Aresti Aguirre (1919–2003), each figure in the catalog is represented by lines, arrows, geometric shapes and numbers representing the precise form of a manoeuver to be flown. The catalog broadly classifies manoeuvers into numbered families. Families 1 through 8 depict basic figures, such as turns, loops and vertical lines; family 9 depicts rotational elements that can be added to basic figures to increase difficulty, change the direction of flight or invert the g-loading of the aircraft. Notation In Aresti notation, solid lines represent upright or positive-g manoeuvers and dashed lines represent inverted or negative-g manoeuvers; these are sometimes depicted in red. Thick dot represents the beginning of the manoeuver, while a short perpendicular line represents t ...
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Aeros Fig Cuban8
Aeros is a Ukrainian aircraft manufacturer founded by a group of ex-Antonov engineers in the early 1990s to build hang gliders. It is located in Kyiv.Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04'', page 41. Pagefast Ltd, Lancaster OK, 2003. ISSN 1368-485X The firm manufactures and distributes the French Best Off Sky Ranger ultralight under licence. In the 2010s the company introduced a nanotrike, a lightweight, simple folding ultralight trike design, called the Aeros ANT, that can be packed into a carrying case.Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 215. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. Aircraft * Aeros-1 * Aeros-2 * Aeros AC-21 * Aeros AL-12 * Aeros Accent * Aeros Amigo * Aeros ANT * Aeros Combat * Aeros Cross Country * Aeros Discus * Aeros Fox * Aeros Fuego * Aeros Mister X * Aeros Phaeton * Aeros Rival * Aeros Sky Ranger * Aeros Stealth * Aeros Stalker * Aeros Target * Aeros Style * A ...
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Immelmann Turn
The term Immelmann turn, named after German Empire, German World War I Eindecker fighter ace Leutnant Max Immelmann, refers to two different aircraft maneuvers. In World War I aerial combat, an Immelmann turn was a maneuver used after an attack on another aircraft to reposition the attacking aircraft for another attack. In modern aerobatics, an Immelmann turn (also known as a roll-off-the-top, or simply an Immelmann) is an aerobatic maneuver that results in level flight in the opposite direction at a higher altitude. Historical combat maneuver In World War I aerial combat, an Immelmann turn was a maneuver used after an attack on another aircraft to reposition the attacking aircraft for another attack. After making a high-speed diving attack on an enemy, the attacker would then climb back up past the enemy aircraft, and just short of the stall, apply full rudder to Aircraft principal axes#Principal axes, yaw his aircraft around. This put his aircraft facing down at the enemy ...
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Aeros Fig Halfcuban8
Aeros is a Ukrainian aircraft manufacturer founded by a group of ex-Antonov engineers in the early 1990s to build hang gliders. It is located in Kyiv.Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04'', page 41. Pagefast Ltd, Lancaster OK, 2003. ISSN 1368-485X The firm manufactures and distributes the French Best Off Sky Ranger ultralight under licence. In the 2010s the company introduced a nanotrike, a lightweight, simple folding ultralight trike design, called the Aeros ANT, that can be packed into a carrying case.Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 215. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. Aircraft * Aeros-1 * Aeros-2 * Aeros AC-21 * Aeros AL-12 * Aeros Accent * Aeros Amigo * Aeros ANT * Aeros Combat * Aeros Cross Country * Aeros Discus * Aeros Fox * Aeros Fuego * Aeros Mister X * Aeros Phaeton * Aeros Rival * Aeros Sky Ranger * Aeros Stealth * Aeros Stalker * Aeros Target * Aeros Style * A ...
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