|
Hafsids
The Hafsid dynasty ( ) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. that ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western Libya, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574. The dynasty was founded by Abu Zakariya Yahya, who was initially appointed governor of the region by the Almohad caliph before declaring his independence. Under the reigns of Abu Zakariya and his successor, al-Mustansir (), the Hafsids consolidated and expanded their power, with Tunis as their capital. After al-Mustansir's death, internal conflicts resulted in a division between an eastern branch of the dynasty ruling from Tunis and a western branch ruling from Béjaïa and Consantine. A reunification took place under Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II (), but his death was followed by another crisis during which the Marinids, based in present-day Morocco, invaded briefly. Eventually, unity w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hafsid Architecture
Hafsid architecture developed under the patronage of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) during the 13th to 16th centuries. Evolving from earlier Almohad Caliphate, Almohad and Ifriqiyan traditions, it was later influenced further by Mamluk architecture of Egypt and Syria (region), Syria and it increasingly deviated from the style of Moorish architecture in al-Andalus and the western Maghreb. After Hafsid rule ended, the trends of this architectural style continued to develop and characterize Tunisian architecture during the following Ottoman Tunisia, Ottoman period. Historical background Prior to the Hafsid period, the architecture of the Almohad Caliphate, Almohads – along with that of the Almoravid dynasty, Almoravids who preceded them in the western Maghreb – is considered one of the most formative stages of Moorish architecture, "Moorish" or western Islamic architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs that defined architectural style ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman (; February 1419September 1488), regnal title al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (, "he who relies on God") was the Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya, or modern Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya, who reigned between 1435 and 1488. A Flemish merchant who arrived at his court in Tunis in 1470 described him as tall, thoughtful, just, and pious, and called him the "greatest, most powerful, and richest of all Moorish princes." His reign was a period of relative stability and of military and diplomatic successes for the Hafsid kingdom. Uthman would prove to be the last effective Hafsid ruler, and the dynasty entered a long decline after his death until the Ottoman Empire, Ottomans Conquest of Tunis (1574), captured Tunis in 1574. Modern historian Jamil Abun-Nasr has called him the "last drop of Hafsid glory." Biography Early life and succession Uthman was born at the end of the month of Ramadan in the Hijri year 821, corresponding to early February, 1419. He was the grandson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béjaïa
Béjaïa ( ; , , ), formerly known as Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean seaport, port city and communes of Algeria, commune on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province. Geography Location Béjaïa owes its existence to its port, which also makes it prosperous. It is located in a sickle-shaped bay protected from the swell of offshore winds (northwest facing) by the advance of Cape Carbon (to the west of the city). The city is backed by :fr:Yemma Gouraya, Mount Gouraya located in a northwest position. This port site, in one of the most beautiful bays of the Maghreb and Mediterranean coast, is dominated in the background by the Babor Mountains, Babors mountain range. Another advantage is that the city is the outlet of the Soummam River, Soummam valley, a geographical corridor facing southwest. However, since the time when the city was a capital, there has been a divorce between the city and the region (Kabylia) linked to the difficulty of secur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hafsids Of Béjaïa
The Hafsids of Béjaïa were a dynasty of independent or autonomous emirs. They were a branch of the Hafsid dynasty that ruled from Tunis; at times they recognised the caliph in Tunis and at other times they ruled independently. Periodically there was also conflict between the two branches of the dynasty. Before the Hafsids The Hammadid dynasty made Béjaïa its capital city in 1090.Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in ''Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places'' (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36-39. Under the Almohad Caliphate Béjaïa was the capital of the western territories, corresponding with the former Hammadid domains, with Tunis the capital of the east. The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min made his son governor of Béjaïa. In 1184 it was briefly taken by an invasion force from Majorca in support of a member of the ousted Almoravid dynasty, Ali bin Ishaq bin Gania. Thereaf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Zakariya Yahya
Abu Zakariya Yahya (, Abu Zakariya Yahya I ben Abd al-Wahid (12031249) was the founder and first sultan of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya. He was the grandson of Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, the leader of the Hintata and second in command of the Almohads after Abd al-Mu'min. Life By 1228 Abu Zakariya was the Almohad governor of Gabès and then of Tunis, having inherited these positions in Tunisia from his father. Later in 1228 he rebelled against his brother Abd-Allah, who had been head of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya from 1224 following the death of their father, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs. In response, Abd-Allah marched from Tunis to Qayrawan to confront his brother in battle, but his troops deserted him and Abu Zakariya overthrew him, forcing him to be content with the title of Sheikh and to devote himself to religious life. Abu Zakariya then succeeded as head of the Hafsids. In 1229 Abu Zakariya rebelled once more against central authority after he he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI Ibn Al-Hasan
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan () sometimes referred to as “Moulay Muhammad”, was the last Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya (1573–1574). His brother Moulay Ahmad had been driven from power in 1569 by Uluç Ali and, when the Spanish reconquered Tunis, Ahmad was unwilling to accept their terms for supporting him, preferring instead to remain in exile in Sicily. So the Spanish invasion force under Don John of Austria installed Abu Abdallah Muhammad in his place. Installation Abu Abdallah Muhammad was unable to prevent the Spaniards who had installed him from sacking the city. Some of the city's inhabitants took refuge in a mosque, but the soldiers went in and killed them. Don John also had the four marble columns in the Zeitouna mosque removed. These actions made Abu Abdallah Muhammad deeply unpopular. The 17th century historian :fr:Ibn Abi Dinar recounted the scene: "The feet of the infidels trampled the schools, all the collections of science were scattered and dissipate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also known as Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arabs in the Maghreb. Their main connections are identified by their usage of Berber languages, most of them mutually unintelligible, which are part of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. They are indigenous peoples, indigenous to the Maghreb region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and to a lesser extent Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali and northern Niger. Smaller Berber communities are also found in Burkina Faso and Egypt's Siwa Oasis. Descended from Stone Age tribes of North Africa, accounts of the Imazighen were first mentioned in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Ancient Egyptian writings. From about 2000 BC, Berber languages spread westward from the Nile, Nile Valley across the northern Sahara int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad II
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II () (reigned 1370–1394) was a Hafsid Caliph of Ifriqiya. He restored the Hafsid kingdom to full power after a period of disarray which followed the invasion of Ifriqiya led by Abu Inan Faris of the Marinids. Biography Abul-Abbas Ahmad II was the emir of Constantine, and later Constantine and Béjaïa, and the son of Abu Abdullah Muhammad, son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II. By 1350, Constantine was virtually independent of the Caliph in Tunis, and from 1351 to 1356, Ahmad fought with the Tunisian branch of the Hafsid dynasty. In 1356, the Marinid sultan Abu Inan Faris deprived him of his possessions, but already in 1357 the sultan returned to Morocco, and Ahmad - to his possessions. In 1366, Ahmad captured Bejaia from his cousin Abu Abdullah ibn Abu Zakaria, son of Abu Zakaria Yahya, another son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II. In 1370, he easily captured present-day Tunisia and achieved the deposition of Caliph Khalid II, after which he was proclaimed the new ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II ( ; died 19 October 1346) was the Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya from 1318 to 1346. He was the son of Abu-Zakariyya Yahya III, emir of Béjaïa and grandson of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I. Under his rule the former unity of the Hafsid domains was restored. Rise to power After 1309 his brother Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr came to power in Tunis and made him governor of Constantine. Shortly after this he revolted. In 1311 his brother was overthrown and Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr seized the opportunity to take Bejaïa in 1312 with the new ruler of Tunis, Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani, powerless to respond. In 1315 or 1316 the attacks on Tunis began; in 1317 al-Lihyaní fled the country and abdicated in favor of his son Abu-Darba Muhammad who resisted for another nine months, but in early 1318 Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr II made his entrance into the capital. Early challenges The earlier part of his reign was largely devoted to suppressing rebellions. Abu-Darba tried to encourage rev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad I Al-Mustansir
Muhammad I al-Mustansir (; ) was the second Sultan of Ifriqiya of the Hafsid dynasty and the first to claim the title of Khalif. Al-Mustansir concluded a peace agreement to end the Eighth Crusade launched by Louis IX of France in 1270. Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance when King Manfred was overthrown by King Charles I. On Hunting In 1247, he wrote a book called "On Hunting", which detailed the ways in which hunting in North Africa was undertaken at the time. An especially interesting chapter is on hunting with salukis, which teaches the hunter on how to manage this animal and how to hunt with it. Other aspects of the book involve the training and management of falcons, and other techniques utilized around his estate in Bizerte. Eighth Crusade The Mamluk sultan Baibars had been attacking the remnant of the Crusader states in Syria. Baibars had seized the opportunity after a war pitting the cities of Ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya ( '), also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya). It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of Africa Proconsularis and extended beyond it, but did not include the Mauretanias. To the south, Ifriqiya was bounded by the semi-arid lands and salt marshes named el-Djerid. The northern boundary fluctuated from as far north as Sicily to the North African coastline, and the western boundary usually reached Béjaïa. Ifriqiya is bordered to the west by the Central Maghreb, with which the borders are fluid depending on the chroniclers and the eras. The capital was briefly Carthage, then Kairouan, Qayrawan (Kairouan), then Mahdia, then Tunis. The Aghlabids, from their base in Kairouan, initiated the invasion of Southern Italy beginning in 827, and established the Emirate of Sicily, which lasted until it was conquered by the Normans, and the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
