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Glyptapanteles
''Glyptapanteles'' is a genus of endoparasitoid wasps found in Central and North America and New Zealand. The larvae of the members of ''Glyptapanteles sp.'' are distinguished by their ability to manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards. Reproduction Female ''Glyptapanteles'' oviposit into caterpillar hosts. The caterpillar continues to grow and feed normally until the 4th or 5th instar, whereupon up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate. Some species parasitized by ''Glyptapanteles'' include ''Lymantria dispar'', ''Chrysodeixis chalcites,'' ''Thyrinteina leucocerae'' (both pictured), and ''Acronicta rumicis''. According to a study done in South Korea on the species ''G. liparidis,'' the parasitoid tends to prefer to feed on the second-instar ''A. rumicis'' larva, indicating that the stage of caterpillar life may have significant role in maximizing nutrient intake. Behavior alteration After the larvae of ''Glyptapanteles'' sp. emerge, the caterpilla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thyrinteina Leucocerae
''Thyrinteina'' is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890. ''Thyrinteina leucocerae'' caterpillars are parasitized by ''Glyptapanteles ''Glyptapanteles'' is a genus of endoparasitoid wasps found in Central and North America and New Zealand. The larvae of the members of ''Glyptapanteles sp.'' are distinguished by their ability to manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards ...'' parasitic wasps which inject their eggs into the caterpillar. When wasp larvae are fully grown they exit the caterpillar and pupate nearby. The caterpillar then covers them in silk and will defend the pupating wasps with violent head swings. Species *'' Thyrinteina arnobia'' (Stoll, 1782) *'' Thyrinteina leucocerae'' References * Geometridae Articles containing video clips {{Nacophorini-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acronicta Rumicis
''Acronicta rumicis'', the knot grass moth, is a species of moth which is part of the genus '' Acronicta'' and family Noctuidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It is found in the Palearctic region. ''A. rumicis'' lives and feeds on plants located in wide-open areas. At its larval stage, as a caterpillar, it causes such a large impact as a crop pest that it has received much attention and research. ''A. rumicis'' feeds on maize, strawberries and other herbaceous plants. The moth's evolution has been affected by the industrial melanism that occurred in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, causing a dramatic increase in two aberrations (''salicin'' and ''lugubris''), which have darker grey wings. Today, ''A. rumicis'' is important to conservation efforts in the United Kingdom, because, like many other species, it is in decline. However, as it is part of a UK Priority Biodiversity Action Plan and receiving ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to Paralysis, paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids Behavior-altering parasite, influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of Taxon, taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microgastrinae
Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps, encompassing almost 3,000 described species, with an estimated 30,000–50,000 total species. This makes it one of the richest subfamilies with the most species of parasitoid wasps. Genera These 84 genera belong to the subfamily Microgastrinae: * '' Agupta'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Alloplitis'' Nixon, 1965 * ''Alphomelon'' Mason, 1981 * '' Apanteles'' Förster, 1862 * '' Austinicotesia'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Austrocotesia'' Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 * '' Beyarslania'' Koçak & Kemal, 2009 * '' Billmasonius'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Buluka'' de Saeger, 1948 * '' Carlmuesebeckius'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Chaoa'' Luo & You, 2004 * ''Choeras'' Mason, 1981 * ''Clarkinella'' Mason, 1981 * '' Cotesia'' Cameron, 1891 * '' Cuneogaster'' Choi & Whitfield, 2006 * ''Dasylagon'' Muesebeck, 1958 * '' Deuterixys'' Mason, 1981 * ''Diolcogaster'' Ashmead, 1900 * ''Distatrix'' Mason, 1981 * '' Dodogaster'' Rousse, 2013 * ''Dol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerald Cockroach Wasp
The emerald cockroach wasp or jewel wasp (''Ampulex compressa'') is a solitary wasp of the family Ampulicidae. It is known for its unusual reproductive behavior, which involves stinging a cockroach and using it as a host for its larvae. It thus belongs to the entomophagous parasites. Distribution The wasp is mostly found in the tropical regions of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands. The flying wasps are more abundant in the warm seasons of the year. ''A. compressa'' was introduced to Hawaii by F.X. Williams in 1941 as a method of biocontrol. This has been unsuccessful because of the territorial tendencies of the wasp, and the small scale on which they hunt. The species is also found in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. ''A. compressa'' likely arrived in the country through the ports of Santos and Rio de Janeiro. Description The wasp has a metallic blue-green body, with the thighs of the second and third pair of legs red. The fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenoepimecis Argyraphaga
''Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga'' is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species ... '' Plesiometa argyra''. The wasp is unusual in modifying the spider's web building behavior to make a web made of very strong lines designed to support the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain. Habitat ''Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga'' is indigenous to Costa Rica. Its ideal habitat would include good sources of food, mating sites, and a stable population of their host spider. This parasitic wasp feeds on sugar and nectar and tends to be near heavy vegetation. The wasp prefers heavy vegetation because this provides both a good mating site as the wasps mate on tips of leaves and protection during development. Heavy vegetation provides thick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. '' Panthera leo'' (lion) and '' Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus '' Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconidae Genera
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include ''Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', ''Apanteles'', ''Asobara'', '' Bracon'', '' Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', '' Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', '' Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', '' Opius'', ''Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and '' Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lolium Perenne
''Lolium perenne'', common name perennial ryegrass, English ryegrass, winter ryegrass, or ray grass, is a grass from the family Poaceae. It is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, but is widely cultivated and naturalised around the world. Description The plant is a low-growing, tufted, hairless grass, with a bunching (or tillering) growth habit. The leaves are dark green, smooth and glossy on the lower surface, with untoothed parallel sides and prominent parallel veins on the upper surface. The leaves are folded lengthwise in bud (unlike the rolled leaves of Italian ryegrass, ''Lolium multiflorum'') with a strong central keel, giving a flattened appearance. The ligule is very short and truncated and often difficult to see. The small white auricles grip the stem at the base of the leaf blade. Leaf sheaths at the base are usually tinged pink and hairless. Stems grow up to 90 cm. The inflorescence is unbranched, with spikelets on alternating sides edgeways-on to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mythimna Unipuncta
''Mythimna unipuncta'', the true armyworm moth, white-speck moth, common armyworm or rice armyworm, is a nocturnal agricultural pest belonging to the family Noctuidae. This moth is also commonly referred to by the scientific name ''Pseudaletia unipuncta''. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. ''Mythimna unipuncta'' is found in the Americas and in parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Its original distribution is North and South America. It has been introduced to other places from there. They are known as armyworms because the caterpillars move in lines as a massive group, like an army, from field to field, damaging crops.Palmer, Geoff (July 23, 2012)"Pest Alert - Armyworms Round Two Hit Hay and Corn Crops" ''Agriculture and Market''. The true armyworm has a distinct migration pattern in which they travel north in the spring and south in the fall to ensure that mating occurs in a favorable environment in the summer. While progressing through the life cyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymantria Dispar
''Lymantria dispar'', also known as the gypsy moth or the spongy moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. ''Lymantria dispar'' is subdivided into several subspecies, with subspecies such as ''L. d. dispar'' and ''L. d. japonica'' being clearly identifiable without ambiguity. ''Lymantria dispar'' has been introduced to several continents and is now found in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America. The polyphagous larvae live on a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees and can cause severe damage in years of mass reproduction. Due to these features, ''Lymantria dispar'' is listed among the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. Etymology The name “gypsy moth” does not have conclusive origins, however it has been in use since 1908. Moths of the subfamily Lymantriinae are commonly called tussock moths due to the tussock-like tufts of hair on the caterpillars.The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management, United States Departm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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