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Galuh
The Galuh Kingdom was a medieval Sundanese kingdom located in the eastern part of ''Tatar Sunda'' (now West Java province and Banyumasan region of Central Java province), present-day Indonesia. It was established as a breakaway kingdom of the Tarumanagara around the 7th century. Traditionally the kingdom was associated with the Central & Eastern Parahyangan cultural regions, with territory spanning from Citarum River in the west, to Cipamali and Cisarayu River in the east. Its capital was first located in Karangkamulyan, Ciamis Regency, then Saunggalah, Kuningan and Kawali, north of present-day Ciamis. The etymology of ''"galuh"'' is Old Sundanese and Kawi word for "gemstone". History Most of the knowledge about this kingdom was collected from local Sundanese myths and folktales, transmitted through Pantun Sunda oral tradition. The Sundanese epic folktale of Ciung Wanara took place in this kingdom. Scarce historical records include Carita Parahyangan and Wangsak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunda Kingdom
The Sunda Kingdom ( , ) was a Sundanese people, Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Lampung, and the western part of Central Java. The capital of the Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west. The Sunda Kingdom reached its peak during the reign of King Sri Baduga Maharaja, whose reign from 1482 to 1521 is traditionally remembered as an age of peace and prosperity among Sundanese people. According to primary historical records such as the ''Bujangga Manik'' manuscript, the eastern border of the kingdom was the Pemali River (Ci Pamali; the present-day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most accounts of the Sunda Kingdom come from primary historical records from the 16th century. The kingdom's inhabitants were primarily the eponymo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciung Wanara
Ciung Wanara is a legend among Sundanese people, in Indonesia. Ciung Wanara was a nickname of Prince Manarah of Sunda–Galuh Kingdom. He was a relative of the famous King Sanjaya of Mataram. The folklore tells the legend of the Sunda Galuh kingdom, the origin of Pamali River's name as well as describes the cultural ties between Sundanese and Javanese living in the western part of Central Java province. The legend of Ciung Wanara is often associated with Karang Kamulyan archaeological sites, a sub-district in Ciamis Regency, West Java. Sources This story originates from a Sundanese oral tradition called Pantun Sunda, which then transferred into books written by some Sundanese writers, both in Sundanese and Indonesian. Summary The abdication of the king There was once a mighty kingdom in Java island, called Galuh, its capital was located in Galuh near present-day Ciamis. It was believed at that time the kingdom of Galuh spanned from Hujung Kulon, the Western tip of Java ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciamis
Ciamis (, ) is a district and a town; it is the regency seat of Ciamis Regency in West Java, Indonesia. It covers an area of . It had a population of 93,744 as of the 2010 Census, 98,610 as of the 2020 Census, and 99,750 as of a mid-2022 official estimate.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023. History The process of determining the history of the Ciamis Regency was born with the decree of the Regional House of Representatives of Ciamis Regency of October 6, 1970, concerning the formation of the committee for the preparation of a history of the Galuh Kingdom, where the committee was advised by a team of historians from Ikip Bandung led by Said Raksanegara. The committee preparing of the history of Galuh intends to explore and study the history of Galuh as a whole, considering that there are several alternatives in determining the date of its inception. Titimangsa Rahyangta in Medang Jati, namely the establishment of the Galuh Kingdom by on March 23, 612 AD, or the Rakea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuningan Regency
Kuningan Regency is a regency ''(kabupaten)'' of the West Java province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,194.09 km2, and it had a population of 1,035,589 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,167,686 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 1,201,764 (comprising 608,669 males and 593,095 femalesBadan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Kuningan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3208) Kuningan Regency is located in the east of the province, south of Cirebon Regency, east of Majalengka Regency and northeast of Ciamis Regency, and bordering Central Java Province to the east and southeast. The town and district of Kuningan is its administrative capital. Etymology The area of the eastern slopes and valley of Mount Cereme has been known as the Kuningan Duchy since the Hindu period as part of the Galuh Kingdom circa 14th century. The name "Kuningan" is believed to ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majapahit
Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia). At its greatest extent, following significant military expansions, the territory of the empire and its tributary states covered almost the entire Nusantara (term), Nusantara archipelago, spanning both Asia and Oceania. After a Regreg war, civil war that weakened control over the vassal states, the empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an Demak–Majapahit conflicts, invasion by the Demak Sultanate, Sultanate of Demak. The fall of Majapahit saw the rise of History of Indonesia#Islamic civilizations, Islamic kingdoms in Java. Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuwana Wijayatungga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sundanese Language
Sundanese ( ; , Sundanese script: , ) is an Austronesian language spoken in Java, primarily by the Sundanese. It has approximately 32 million native speakers in the western third of Java; they represent about 15% of Indonesia's total population. Classification According to American linguist Robert Blust, Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages, as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan–Murik languages, based on high lexical similarities between these languages. History and distribution Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java, in an area known as Tatar Sunda ( Pasundan). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java, especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency, because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom. Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur, Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran ( Sundanese: ᮕᮊᮥᮝᮔ᮪ᮕᮏᮏᮛᮔ᮪; known as Dayeuh Pakuan/Pakwan or Pajajaran) was the fortified capital city of Sunda Kingdom. The location roughly corresponds to modern Bogor city in West Java, Indonesia, approximately around the site of Batu Tulis. The site is revered as the spiritual home of Sundanese people as it contains much of the shared identity and history of Sundanese people. The city was settled in at least the 10th century but did not gain major political importance until Sri Baduga Maharaja established it as the royal capital of the Sunda kingdom in the 15th century. In 1513, the city was visited by its first European visitor, Tomé Pires, the Portuguese envoy. According to his report, the city of ''Daio'' (''Dayeuh'' is a Sundanese term for "capital city") was a great city, with a population of around 50,000 inhabitants. After the reign of King Jayadewata (Sri Baduga Maharaja), Pakuan Pajajaran served as the royal capital for sev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma was an early Sundanese Indianised kingdom, located in western Java, whose 5th-century ruler, Purnawarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions in Java, which are estimated to date from around 358 CE. At least seven stone inscriptions connected to this kingdom were discovered in Western Java area, near Bogor and Jakarta. They are Ciaruteun, Kebon Kopi, Jambu, Pasir Awi, and Muara Cianten inscriptions near Bogor; Tugu inscription near Cilincing in North Jakarta; and Cidanghiang inscription in Lebak village, Munjul district, south of Banten. Location The inscriptions of Taruma kingdom are the earliest records of Hinduism in the western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra, and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China. The k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parahyangan
Parahyangan () or Priangan ( Sundanese script: ) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their culture. It is bordered to the West by Banten province, to the North by the northern coast region of Subang, Cirebon, and Indramayu (former residencies of Batavia and Cheribon), to the east by Central Java province (former residencies of Banyumas and Pekalongan), and to the south by the Indian Ocean. Etymology The name "Parahyangan" has its origins in Sundanese words that mean "the abode of hyangs (gods)". Parahyangan is a mountainous region, and ancient Indonesians believed that the gods resided on the mountaintops. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains the memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in the Bandung basin highland, which suggests that the Sundanese had already inhabited the region since the Stone Age era. Another popular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalingga
Kalingga (; zh, t=訶陵, p=Hēlíng; Middle Chinese: ɑ.lɨŋ or She-po or She-bo ( zh, c=闍婆, p=Shépó; Middle Chinese: ͡ʑia.buɑ in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic scriptures of Umayyad Caliphate era; was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history. Historiography The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown. It is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara. A place named Keling is found along the northern coast of Jepara Regency, however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang Regencies show that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggesting that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th centuries, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carita Parahyangan
Carita Parahyangan (, official Sundanese script: ) is a text contained in a single manuscript written around the late 16th century, registered as Kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences), now in the ''Perpustakaan Nasional'' (National Library) in Jakarta. It was identified as early as 1882 by Holle as the "Carita Parahyangan", the name derived from Parahyangan highlands in West Java, originated from Sundanese words which mean "the abode of hyangs (gods)". Since that time the manuscript has received much scholarly attention. The Carita Parahyangan tells the history of the Sunda Kingdom, from the early Galuh period in the early 8th century, during the era of Wretikandayun and King Sanjaya, until the fall of Pakuan Pajajaran in the 16th century, the capital of Sunda kingdom under invasion by the Banten Sultanate assisted by the Cirebon and Demak Sultanates. The manuscript consists of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalingga Kingdom
Kalingga (; zh, t=訶陵, p=Hēlíng; Middle Chinese: ɑ.lɨŋ or She-po or She-bo ( zh, c=闍婆, p=Shépó; Middle Chinese: ͡ʑia.buɑ in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic scriptures of Umayyad Caliphate era; was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history. Historiography The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown. It is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara. A place named Keling is found along the northern coast of Jepara Regency, however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang Regencies show that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggesting that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th centuries ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
