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French Braille
French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of all others. The alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic letters of the French alphabet plus ''w'' have become internationalized; the additional letters are largely restricted to French Braille and the alphabets of some neighboring European countries. Letters In numerical order by decade, the letters are: For the purposes of accommodating a foreign alphabet, the letters ''ì, ä, ò'' may be added: There are also numerous contractions and abbreviations in French braille. Punctuation Punctuation is as follows: The lower values are readings within numbers (after the Antoine number marker: see below). Formatting and mode Formatting and mode-changing marks are: As in English Braille, the capital sign is doubled for all caps. and are used to begin and end emphasis within a word. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabet
An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, and logographic systems use characters to represent words, morphemes, or other semantic units. The first fully phonemic script, the Proto-Sinaitic script, later known as the Phoenician alphabet, is considered to be the first alphabet and is the ancestor of most modern alphabets, including Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and possibly Brahmic. It was created by Semitic-speaking workers and slaves in the Sinai Peninsula (as the Proto-Sinaitic script), by selecting a small number of hieroglyphs commonly seen in their Egyptian surroundings to describe the sounds, as opposed to the semantic values of the Canaanite languages. However, Peter T. Daniels distinguishes an abugida, a set of graphemes that represent consonantal base let ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luxembourgish Braille
Luxembourgish Braille is the braille alphabet of the Luxembourgish language. It is very close to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of all others. The alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic ..., but uses eight-dot cells, with the extra pair of dots at the bottom of each cell to indicate capitalization and accent marks. It is the only eight-dot alphabet listed in UNESCO (2013). Children start off with the older six-dot script (UNESCO 1990), then switch to eight-dot cells when they start primary school and learn the numbers. Alphabet The Luxembourgish Braille alphabet started off as a reduced set of the letters of the French Braille alphabet, the basic 26 plus three letters for print vowels with diacritics: ''é,'' ''ë,'' ''ä.'' With the shift to eight-point script, these three acquired an extra dot at p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moon Type
The Moon System of Embossed Reading (commonly known as the Moon writing, Moon alphabet, Moon script, Moon type, or Moon code) is a writing system for the blind, using embossed symbols mostly derived from the Latin script (but simplified). It is claimed by its supporters to be easier to understand than braille, though it is mainly used by people who have lost their sight as adults, and thus already have knowledge of the shapes of letters. History Moon type was developed by William Moon (1818—1894), a blind Englishman living in Brighton, East Sussex. After a bout of scarlet fever, Moon lost his sight at age 21 and became a teacher of blind children. He discovered that his pupils had great difficulty learning to read the existing styles of embossed reading codes, and devised his own system that would be "open and clear to the touch."Farrell, p. 102. Moon first formulated his ideas in 1843 and published the scheme in 1845. Moon is not as well known as braille, but it is a v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L·l
Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended longer than a single would provide ( etymologically, in latinisms coming from a gemination). It is worth noting that different English language traditions use and in different words: for example the past tense form of "travel" is spelt "" in British English but "" in American English. See also: American and British English spelling differences#Doubled consonants. Welsh In Welsh, stands for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative sound ( IPA: ). This sound is very common in place names in Wales because it occurs in the word , for example, , where the appears twice, or , where (in the full name) the appears five times – with two instances of . In Welsh, is a separate ''digraph letter'' from (e.g., sorts before ). In modern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille Patterns
The Unicode block Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF) contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range.Unicode Chapter 15 section 15.10 In Unicode, a braille cell does not have a letter or meaning defined. For example, Unicode does ''not'' define to be "R". Symbols, not letters In Unicode braille characters are not defined as belonging to any other script, but are defined as the Braille script. That is, the patterns are available as ''symbols'', without connection to an alphabetic letter or a number. This is because the ''same'' symbol can be used in multiple scripts, e.g. as a Latin character, a Vietnamese character, a Chinese character and a digit. For example: although represents the letter "H" in basic b ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scandinavian Braille
Scandinavian Braille is a braille alphabet used, with differences in orthography and punctuation, for the languages of the mainland Nordic countries: Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also .... In a generally reduced form it is used for Greenlandic. Scandinavian Braille is very close to French Braille, with slight modification of some of the accented letters, and optional use of the others to transcribe foreign languages. Alphabet The braille letters for the French print vowels ''â, œ, ä'' are used for the print vowels ''å, ö/ø, ä/æ'' of the Scandinavian alphabets. Each language uses the letters that exists in its inkprint alphabet. Thus, in numerical order, the letters are: : Greenlandic Braille uses a subset of thes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Braille
Italian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Italian language, both in Italy and in Switzerland. It is very close to French Braille, with some differences in punctuation. Alphabet Since French Braille does not have a letter for ''ó'', Italian Braille uses ''ò'' for both ''ò'' and ''ó''. : If other letters are needed, such as ''j, k, w, x, y'' or accented vowels such as î, French Braille assignments are used. ''j'' is used as the digit 0. Numbers Digits are the first ten letters of the alphabet, and are marked by , as in English Braille English Braille, also known as ''Grade 2 Braille'', is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Br .... Although a dot as full stop (period) is , a dot as a digit separator, as in 3.500 for three thousand five hundred, is (). Punctuation is the full stop / period; is the digit se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Braille
Catalan Braille is the braille alphabet of the Catalan language. It is very close to French Braille: it uses the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the ''International Congre ..., plus several additional letters for ''ç'' and what are, in print, vowel letters with diacritics; these differ from their French values only in the need to accommodate the Catalan acute accent: ''ú, ó, í'' for what are in French Braille ''ù, œ, ì'' : : Print digraphs are written as digraphs in braille as well. Punctuation The middot is used to distinguish double-el , , from the digraph , . Formatting The capital sign needs to be repeated for each letter of an initialism, so ACIC is . See alsoAbecedari Braille de 1931 a 1931 alphabet with different letter assignm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vietnamese Braille
Vietnamese Braille is the braille alphabet used for the Vietnamese language. It is very close to French Braille (and thus to a lesser degree to English Braille), but with the addition of tone letters. Vietnamese Braille is known in Vietnamese as ''chữ nổi'', literally "raised letters", while electronic braille displays are called ''màn hình chữ nổi''. Alphabet Apart from ''đ'' and ''d'' (for French Braille ''d'' and ''z'')Vietnamese Braille ''đ'' is written and pronounced as French Braille ''d'', Vietnamese Braille ''d'' as French Braille ''z''. Print ''z'' does not occur in Vietnamese, but if it needs to be transcribed, it is written in Vietnamese Braille (Unesco 2013). and the addition of five tone letters, the Vietnamese Braille alphabet is nearly identical to French Braille: the only other difference is the substitution of Vietnamese ''ư ơ'' for French ''ü œ'', and the dropping of those letters which are not needed in Vietnamese. However, because of the tone le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Braille
Portuguese Braille is the braille alphabet of the Portuguese language, both in Portugal and in Brazil. It is very close to French Braille, with slight modification of the accented letters and some differences in punctuation. Alphabet The French Braille letters for vowels with a grave accent in print tend to be used for vowels with an acute accents in Portuguese Braille. (See French Braille#Similar alphabets. The French vowels ''œ'' and ''ä'' are used for the Portuguese nasal vowels ''õ'' and ''ã''. In numerical order, the letters are: : Punctuation Punctuation is nearly identical to that of Spanish Braille. Single punctuation: The en dash The dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. The most common versions are the endash , generally longer than the hyphen b ... is written on the middle dots, while the em dash is written on the bottom dots. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Braille
Spanish Braille is the braille alphabet of Spanish and Galician. It is very close to French Braille, with the addition of a letter for ''ñ'', slight modification of the accented letters and some differences in punctuation. Further conventions have been unified by the Latin American Blind Union, but differences with Spain remain. Alphabet The French Braille letters for vowels with a grave accent, ''à è ù,'' are used in Spanish Braille for vowels with an acute accent, ''á é ú''. In addition, French ''ï'' is reassigned to Spanish ''ñ''. Thus, in numerical order, the letters are: : At one point, French ''w'' was apparently used for Spanish ''ü'', reflecting its pronunciation, and French ''ô'' (a rotated ''v'') for Spanish ''w'', which is found in foreign words.http://www.zazzle.com/rlv/isapi/designall.dll?action=realview&pdt=zazzle_postcard&pending=false&pid=239875665678761477&rvtype=product&view=front&max_dim=1000&bg=dddddd&square_it=true&draw_relative_size=true ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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