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Ethnolichenology
Ethnolichenology is the study of the relationship between lichens and people. Lichens have and are being used for many different purposes by human cultures across the world. The most common human use of lichens is for dye, but they have also been used for medicine, food and other purposes. Lichens for dye Lichens are a common source of natural dyes. The lichen dye is usually extracted by either boiling water or ammonia fermentation. Although usually called ammonia fermentation, this method is not actually a fermentation and involves letting the lichen steep in ammonia (traditionally urine) for at least two to three weeks. In North America the most significant lichen dye is ''Letharia vulpina''. Indigenous people through most of this lichen's range in North America traditionally make a yellow dye from this lichen by boiling it in water. Many of the traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands were made from lichens including red dyes from the cudbear lichen, '' Lecanora tartare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. They may have tiny, leafless branches ( fruticose); flat leaf-like structures ( foliose); grow crust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orcein
Orcein, also archil, orchil, lacmus and C.I. Natural Red 28, are names for dyes extracted from several species of lichen, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, ''Roccella tinctoria''. Orcinol is extracted from such lichens. It is then converted to orcein by ammonia and air. In traditional dye-making methods, urine was used as the ammonia source. If the conversion is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate (in the form of potash, lime, and gypsum in traditional dye-making methods), the result is litmus, a more complex molecule. The manufacture was described by Cocq in 1812 and in the UK in 1874. Edmund Roberts noted orchilla as a principal export of the Cape Verde islands, superior to the same kind of "moss" found in Italy or the Canary Islands, that in 1832 was yielding an annual revenue of $200,000. Commercial archil is either a powder (called cudbear) or a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crottle
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cudbear
Orcein, also archil, orchil, lacmus and C.I. Natural Red 28, are names for dyes extracted from several species of lichen, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, ''Roccella tinctoria''. Orcinol is extracted from such lichens. It is then converted to orcein by ammonia and air. In traditional dye-making methods, urine was used as the ammonia source. If the conversion is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate (in the form of potash, lime, and gypsum in traditional dye-making methods), the result is litmus, a more complex molecule. The manufacture was described by Cocq in 1812 and in the UK in 1874. Edmund Roberts noted orchilla as a principal export of the Cape Verde islands, superior to the same kind of "moss" found in Italy or the Canary Islands, that in 1832 was yielding an annual revenue of $200,000. Commercial archil is either a powder (called cudbear) or a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ochrolechia
''Ochrolechia'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Ochrolechiaceae. Species , Species Fungorum accepts 38 species of ''Ochrolechia'': *''Ochrolechia aegaea'' *''Ochrolechia africana'' *''Ochrolechia alaskana'' *''Ochrolechia alticola'' *''Ochrolechia androgyna'' *'' Ochrolechia arborea'' *''Ochrolechia brodoi'' *'' Ochrolechia cooperi'' *'' Ochrolechia frigida'' *''Ochrolechia gyrophorica'' *'' Ochrolechia inaequatula'' *'' Ochrolechia incarnata'' *'' Ochrolechia insularis'' *'' Ochrolechia inversa'' *'' Ochrolechia kerguelensis'' *'' Ochrolechia lijiangensis'' *'' Ochrolechia longispora'' *'' Ochrolechia macrosperma'' *'' Ochrolechia microstictoides'' *'' Ochrolechia minuta'' *'' Ochrolechia neoisidiata'' *''Ochrolechia pallenti-isidiata'' *''Ochrolechia pallescens'' *'' Ochrolechia parella'' *''Ochrolechia pseudotartarea'' *''Ochrolechia rhodoleuca'' *''Ochrolechia rugomarginata'' *''Ochrolechia splendens'' *'' Ochrolechia subathallina'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orcin
Orcinol is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(OH)2. It occurs in many species of lichens including ''Roccella tinctoria'' and ''Lecanora''. Orcinol has been detected in the "toxic glue" of the ant species '' Camponotus saundersi''. It is a colorless solid. It is related to resorcinol, 1,3-C6H4(OH)2. Synthesis and reactions Orcinol was first prepared by dehydroacetic acid, a conversion that involved ring-opening of the pyrone to a triketone. This early experiment helped establish the rich condensation chemistry of polyketides. It can be obtained by fusing extract of aloes with potash, followed by acidification. It undergoes O-methylation with dimethylsulfate. It is used in the production of the dye orcein and as a reagent in some chemical tests for pentoses, such as Bial's Test. It may be synthesized from toluene; more interesting is its production when acetone dicarboxylic ester is condensed with the aid of sodium. It crystallizes in colorless prisms with one mol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roccella (lichen)
''Roccella'' is a genus of 23 species of lichens in the family Roccellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1805, with ''Roccella fuciformis'' as the type species. Species *'' Roccella albida'' *''Roccella bajasurensis'' *''Roccella botrytis'' *''Roccella colonii'' *''Roccella elisabethae'' *''Roccella floreana'' *'' Roccella floribrassica'' *''Roccella fuciformis'' *''Roccella fusca'' *''Roccella geniculata'' – Galápagos Islands *'' Roccella glebaria'' – Galápagos Islands *'' Roccella gracilis'' *'' Roccella hertelii'' *'' Roccella incurvata'' *'' Roccella kappeniana'' – Galápagos Islands *'' Roccella maderensis'' *'' Roccella minuta'' *''Roccella montagnei'' *'' Roccella phycopsioides'' *''Roccella phycopsis'' *'' Roccella sanctae-helenae'' *''Roccella stipitata'' – Galápagos Islands *''Roccella tinctoria ''Roccella tinctoria'' is a lichenised species of fungus in the genus '' Roccella'', homo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litmus
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. It is a purple dye that is extracted from a type of algal bloom called ‘lichens’. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, and red litmus paper turns blue in a basic or alkaline medium. History The word "litmus" comes from an Old Norse word for "pulp". About 1300 the Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova began using litmus to study acids and bases. From the 16th century onwards, the blue dye was extracted from some lichens, especially in the Netherlands. Natural sources Litmus can be found in different species of lichens. The dyes are extracted from such species as '' Roccella tinctoria'' (South American), '' Roccella fuciformis'' (Angola and Madagascar), '' Roccella pygmaea'' (Algeria), '' Roccella phycopsis'', ''Lecanora tartarea'' (Norway, S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usnic Acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including ''Usnea'', ''Cladonia'', ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Lecanora'', ''Ramalina'', ''Evernia'', ''Parmelia'' and '' Alectoria''. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate). Biological role in lichens Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid protect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka.", "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
