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Encrypted Client Hello
Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process. The extension allows a server to present one of multiple possible certificates on the same IP address and TCP port number and hence allows multiple secure (HTTPS) websites (or any other service over TLS) to be served by the same IP address without requiring all those sites to use the same certificate. It is the conceptual equivalent to HTTP/1.1 name-based virtual hosting, but for HTTPS. This also allows a proxy to forward client traffic to the right server during TLS/SSL handshake. The desired hostname is not encrypted in the original SNI extension, so an eavesdropper can see which site is being requested. The SNI extension was specified in 2003 in Background of the problem Prior to SNI, when making a TLS connection, the client had no way to specify which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transport Layer Security
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet. The protocol is widely used in applications such as email, instant messaging, and voice over IP, but its use in securing HTTPS remains the most publicly visible. The TLS protocol aims primarily to provide security, including privacy (confidentiality), integrity, and authenticity through the use of cryptography, such as the use of certificates, between two or more communicating computer applications. It runs in the presentation layer and is itself composed of two layers: the TLS record and the TLS handshake protocols. The closely related Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a communications protocol that provides security to datagram-based applications. In technical writing, references to "(D)TLS" are often seen when it applies to both versions. TLS is a proposed Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard, fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GitHub
GitHub () is a Proprietary software, proprietary developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage, and share their code. It uses Git to provide distributed version control and GitHub itself provides access control, bug tracking system, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous integration, and wikis for every project. Headquartered in California, GitHub, Inc. has been a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018. It is commonly used to host open source software development projects. GitHub reported having over 100 million developers and more than 420 million Repository (version control), repositories, including at least 28 million public repositories. It is the world's largest source code host Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024. About Founding The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2005. The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opera (web Browser)
Opera is a multi-platform web browser developed by its namesake company Opera. The current edition of the browser is based on Chromium. Opera is available on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS (Safari WebKit engine). Opera offers two mobile versions, called Opera Mobile and Opera Mini. Opera was released on 10 April 1995, making it one of the oldest desktop web browsers to exist. It was commercial software for its first ten years and had its own proprietary layout engine, Presto. In 2013, it switched from the Presto engine to Chromium. In 2019, Opera introduced Opera GX, a gaming-themed version of Opera with additional features related to gaming. The browser has a feature called mods which made it possible to change the look of the browser with dynamic backgrounds, custom Opera logos, etc. In 2025, Opera released Opera Air, a more lightweight version of the browser designed with a focus on mindfulness and user well-being. It integrates standard browsing functi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samsung Internet
Samsung Internet is a Chromium-based web browser for Android smartphones developed by Samsung Electronics. It was first released in 2012 as a basic mobile browser for Samsung Galaxy devices. Samsung estimated that it had around 400 million monthly active users in 2016. According to StatCounter, it had a market share of around 4% of mobile devices in October 2024, having peaked at 7% in 2019. In November 2023, Samsung Internet was released for Microsoft Windows via the Microsoft Store The Microsoft Store (formerly known as the Windows Store) is a digital distribution platform operated by Microsoft. It was created as an app store for Windows 8 as the primary means of distributing Universal Windows Platform apps. With ... before being inexplicably removed in January 2024. Version history Samsung Internet replaced the stock Android browser as the default on Samsung Galaxy devices in 2012. References External links Samsung Internet Developer hub {{Web b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge is a Proprietary Software, proprietary cross-platform software, cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft and based on the Chromium (web browser), Chromium open-source project, superseding Edge Legacy. In Windows 11, Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft. First made available only for Android (operating system), Android and iOS in 2017, in late 2018, Microsoft announced it would completely rebuild Edge as a Chromium (web browser), Chromium-based browser with Blink (browser engine), Blink and V8 (JavaScript engine), V8 engines, which allowed the browser to be ported from Windows 10 to macOS. The new Edge was publicly released in January 2020, and on Xbox as well as Linux in 2021. Edge was also available on Windows 7 and Windows 8, 8/Windows 8.1, 8.1 until early 2023. In February 2023, according to StatCounter, Microsoft Edge became the Usage share of web browsers, third most popular browser in the world, behind Safari (web browser), Safari and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Google Chrome App
Google Chrome Apps, or commonly just Chrome Apps, were a certain type of non-standardized web application that ran on the Google Chrome web browser. Chrome apps could be obtained from the Chrome Web Store along with various free and paid apps, extensions, and themes. The apps came in two varieties: hosted, or server-side, and packaged, or client-side; each format targeting different use cases. Support for Chrome Apps in the Chrome Web Store was removed from Chrome in June 2022, except on ChromeOS where support has been extended based on this chart bellow Windows, Linux, and ChromeOS users could add a shortcut of a website as a Chrome app. History On August 19, 2016, Google announced that it would begin phasing out Chrome Apps for Windows, MacOS and Linux (both packaged and hosted) by the end of 2016, finishing the process in early 2018. The company said that such apps would continue to be supported and maintained on ChromeOS "for the foreseeable future". The plan later chang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromium (web Browser)
Chromium is a free and open-source web browser project, primarily developed and maintained by Google. It is a widely-used codebase, providing the vast majority of source code, code for Google Chrome and many other browsers, including Microsoft Edge, Samsung Internet, and Opera (web browser), Opera. The code is also used by several application framework, app frameworks. Licensing Chromium is a free and open-source software project. The Google-authored portion is shared under the BSD licenses#3-clause license ("BSD License 2.0", "Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License"), 3-clause BSD license. Third party dependencies are subject to a variety of licenses, including MIT License, MIT, GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL, Ms-PL, and an Mozilla Public License, MPL/GNU General Public License, GPL/GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL multi-licensing, tri-license. This licensing permits any party to compiler, build the codebase and share the resulting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Engineering Steering Group
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, a non-profit organization with local chapters around the world. Organization There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting. The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups. Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three); a charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open to all who want to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Engineering Task Force
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet standard, Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, a non-profit organization with local chapters around the world. Organization There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting. The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups. Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three); a charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roscomnadzor
The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, abbreviated as ''Roskomnadzor'' (RKN), is the Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. Its areas of responsibility include electronic media, mass communications, information technology and telecommunications, supervising compliance with the law, protecting the confidentiality of personal data being processed, and organizing the work of the radio-frequency service. History In March 2007, the authority—then a subdivision of the Cultural Ministry of Russia called "Russian Federal Surveillance Service for Compliance with the Legislation in Mass Media and Cultural Heritage Protection" (''Rosokhrankultura'')—warned the ''Kommersant'' newspaper that it should not mention the National Bolshevik Party on its pages, as the party had been denied official registration. The Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tele2 Russia
t2 (formerly Tele2 Russia) is the third largest telecommunications company in Russia, originally founded by Swedish Tele2. Since 2020, Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom. As of Q3 2024, t2 provides wireless services to more than 48 million subscribers. As of March 2025, T2 is present in 70 subjects of Russia. t2 Russia functions as a group of companies, and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company "T2 RTK Holding" with the headquarters in Moscow. History The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia. In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2, which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand. Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003. Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market (2003–2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rostelecom
Rostelecom (Ростелеком) is Russia’s largest provider of digital services for a wide variety of consumers, households, private businesses, government and municipal authorities, and other telecom providers. Rostelecom interconnects all local public operators’ networks into a single national network for long-distance service. In other words, if one makes a long-distance call or originates Internet contact to or from Russia, it is likely that Rostelecom is providing part of the service. The company's stock trades primarily on the Moscow Exchange. History Prior to 1990 the Ministry of Communications of the USSR provided telecommunications services. On June 26, 1990, the Ministry established a state-owned joint-stock company Sovtelekom, which obtained the rights to operate the telecommunications network of the USSR. On December 30, 1992, by order of the State Property Committee of Russia, a state-owned enterprise Rostelecom, which consisted of 20 state long-distance and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
