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Eastern Low Prussian
Eastern Low Prussian (, lit. ''dialect of the Eastern territory'') is a subdialect of Low Prussian that was spoken around Angerburg (now Węgorzewo, Poland), Insterburg (Chernyakhovsk, Russia), Memelland (Klaipėda County, Lithuania), and Tilsit (Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia) in the eastern territories of East Prussia in the former eastern territories of Germany. Many speakers of this subdialect were Prussian Lithuanians. Geography Eastern Low Prussian had borders with Ostsamländisch, Natangian, and Standard German. Lithuanian language was spoken within its area. Phonology In difference to varieties to the West, it had no vocalization of /r/. Its alveolar /r/ probably counts among its influences from Lithuanian. Werdersch has an alveolar as well. Like in Werdersch, it has ''du motst'' meaning ''you have to''. Eastern Low Prussian has a greater phonetic affinity to Standard German than Samlandic. The /ai/ of Samlandic is given as /ei/ with long /e/. It has feat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuania
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian exclave, semi-exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest, with a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Sweden to the west. Lithuania covers an area of , with a population of 2.89 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities include Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Lithuanians who are the titular nation and form the majority of the country's population, belong to the ethnolinguistic group of Balts and speak Lithuanian language, Lithuanian. For millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Balts, Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klaipėda County
Klaipėda County () is one of ten counties in Lithuania, bordering Tauragė County to the southeast, Telšiai County to the northeast, Kurzeme in Latvia to the north, and Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia to the south. To the west is the Baltic Sea. It lies in the west of the country and is the only county to have a coastline and not be landlocked. Its capital is Klaipėda. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Klaipėda County remains as a territorial and statistical unit only. Geography The topography of Klaipėda County is divided into three regions, the highest in the east and lowest in the west: the Western Zemaičiai Plateau in the east, the Western Zemaičiai Plain in the center, and the Pajurys Lowland in the west and on the Baltic coast. Klaipėda County borders Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, to the south via the Nemunas, which drains into the Curonian Lagoon. The Curonian Spit, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is split between K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast
Gusev (; ; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Gusevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Pissa and Krasnaya Rivers, near the border with Poland and Lithuania, east of Chernyakhovsk. It is part of the historic region of Lithuania Minor. Population: History The settlement of Gumbinnen (from : pumpkin) in the Duchy of Prussia, a vassal duchy of the Kingdom of Poland, was first mentioned in a 1580 deed. A Protestant parish was established in Gumbinnen at the behest of the Hohenzollern thanks to Duke Albert of Prussia about 1545 and the first church was erected in 1582. It became part of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1618, remaining a fief of Poland. 18th and 19th centuries From the 18th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1709 and 1711 the area was devastated by the Great Northern War plague outbreak and had to be redeveloped under the rule of the "Soldier King" Frederick William I of Prussia, who granted Gumbin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salzburg Protestants
The Salzburg Protestants () were Protestantism, Protestant refugees who had lived in the Catholic Archbishopric of Salzburg until the 18th century. In a series of persecutions ending in 1731, over 20,000 Protestants were expelled from their homeland by the Prince-bishop, Prince-Archbishops. Their expulsion from Salzburg triggered protests from the Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)#Religious bodies, Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire and criticism across the rest of the Protestant world, and the King in Prussia offered to resettle them in his territory. The majority of the Salzburg Protestants accepted the Prussian offer and traveled the length of Germany to reach their new homes in Lithuania Minor, Prussian Lithuania. The rest scattered to other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America. Background The prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg was an Imperial State, ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire. The official religion was Catholic Chu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High German Consonant Shift
In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic languages, West Germanic dialect continuum. The shift is used to distinguish High German from other continental West Germanic languages, namely Low Franconian (including standard Dutch language, Dutch) and Low German, which experienced no shift. The shift resulted in the affrication or spirantization of the West Germanic voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/, depending on position in a word. A related change, the devoicing of the voiced stopped consonants /d/, /b/ and /g/, was less widespread, with only the devoicing of /d/ being found in most dialects. There is no consensus on when the High German consonant shift occurred; it probably began between the 3rd and 5th centuries and was complete before the first written examples in Old High German, the earliest recorded stage of High ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nehrungisch
Nehrungisch ( Standard High German: , or ) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, belonging to the Low German language variety. It was spoken in East Prussia and West Prussia, in the region around the Vistula Spit (''Frische Nehrung'') near Danzig. The easternmost locality where this variety was spoken was Narmeln, and it was spoken from Narmeln to Krakau (Krakowiec). Its Eastern border was to Mundart der Elbinger Höhe,a Low Prussian variety. The dialect survives in Chortitza- Plautdietsch, a dialect of Plautdietsch brought to Ukraine by migrants from the Vistula region. The distinguishing Chortitza features were present in the Northeast of the Vistula delta.Roslyn Burns, ''Contrasting Spaces in Plautdietsch: Language Variation and Change'', 2021, pp. 3,8–12 Nehrungisch shares features with Eastern Low Prussian. History Those of the Mennonites from the Vistula lowlands, that originated from the lower part of the Rhine belonged together with those from Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbl� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samlandic
Samlandic was a Low Prussian dialect of Low German. It was divided into Ostsamländisch and Westsamländisch. Both were from East Prussia.Thorwald Poschenrieder, ''Deutsch- und baltischsprachige Preußen des Memellandes'', in: ''Collegium Europaeum Jenense an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Deutsch-litauische Kulturbeziehungen: Kolloquium zu Ehren von August Schleicher an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena vom 19. bis 20. Mai 1994. Herausgegeben von Gertrud Bense, Maria Kozianka, Gottfried Meinhold. Ausgabe 1995'', Jena, 1995, p. 109–150, here esp. p. 130 (map ''Die Sprachen und deutschen Mundarten Ostpreußens'') Geography Westsamländisch was spoken West of Königsberg. Westsamländisch had a border with Ostsamländisch. Ostsamländisch was spoken around Königsberg, Labiau and Wehlau. Ostsamländisch had a border with Natangian, Westsamländisch and Eastern Low Prussian. Samlandic was spoken around Neukuhren and Heydekrug.Walther Ziesemer: ''Die ostp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Werdersch
Werdersch () is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch and Plautdietsch. Its name derives from the (), which are (between and ) and (; between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat). It also was spoken West of Vistula river. The dialect spoken in the Werder at that time is very similar to the dialect of Molotschna. The distinctive features of Molotschna-Plautdietsch as opposed to Chortitza-Plautdietsch are given at '' Plautdietsch#Varieties''. Its eastern border was to Oberländisch, a High Prussian variety. History Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region where Werdersch is spoken. Żuławy Malborskie was divided linguistically into the respective area of Werderisch and Niederungisch, the former related to Molotschna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Language
Lithuanian (, ) is an East Baltic languages, East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic languages, Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the language of Lithuanians and the official language of Lithuania as well as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are approximately 2.8 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 1 million speakers elsewhere. Around half a million inhabitants of Lithuania of non-Lithuanian background speak Lithuanian daily as a second language. Lithuanian is closely related to neighbouring Latvian language, Latvian, though the two languages are not mutually intelligible. It is written in a Latin script. In some respects, some linguists consider it to be the most conservative (language), conservative of the existing Indo-European languages, retaining features of the Proto-Indo-European language that had disappeared through development from other descendant languages. History Among Indo-European languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard German
Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (, , or, in Switzerland, ), is the umbrella term for the standard language, standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas. German is a Pluricentric language, pluricentric Abstand and ausbau languages#Roofing, Dachsprache with currently three codified (or standardised) specific national varieties: German Standard German, Austrian German#Standard Austrian German, Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German. Regarding the spelling and punctuation, a recommended standard is published by the Council for German Orthography which represents the governments of all majority and minority German-speaking countries and dependencies. Adherence is obligatory for government institutions, including schools. Although there is no official standards body regulating pronunciation, there is a long-standing ''de facto'' standard pronu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natangian
Natangian () was a Low Prussian dialect, Low Prussian dialect, spoken in Natangen, East Prussia. Geography It was spoken in Natangen around Zinten, Bartoszyce, Bartenstein, Pravdinsk, Friedland, Srokowo, Drengfurt and Kętrzyn, Rastenburg. Natangian has or used to have a border with Breslausch (a High Prussian dialect, High Prussian dialect), Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets, Ostsamländisch, Mundart des Ostgebietes, Westkäslausch and Ostkäslausch. There was a border of Prince-Bishopric of Warmia to the state of the Teutonic Order, which also was the border of Natangian to Ostkäslausch. Phonology In difference to Samländisch, vowel breaking of every long e to ei and every o to ou and the word ''dirch'' are characteristic. It has significant features shared with Mundart der Elbinger Höhe. ''A'' is palatal.Walther Mitzka. ''Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie''. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 324 References East Prussia Low Prussian dialec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostsamländisch
Samlandic was a Low Prussian dialect of Low German. It was divided into Ostsamländisch and Westsamländisch. Both were from East Prussia.Thorwald Poschenrieder, ''Deutsch- und baltischsprachige Preußen des Memellandes'', in: ''Collegium Europaeum Jenense an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Deutsch-litauische Kulturbeziehungen: Kolloquium zu Ehren von August Schleicher an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena vom 19. bis 20. Mai 1994. Herausgegeben von Gertrud Bense, Maria Kozianka, Gottfried Meinhold. Ausgabe 1995'', Jena, 1995, p. 109–150, here esp. p. 130 (map ''Die Sprachen und deutschen Mundarten Ostpreußens'') Geography Westsamländisch was spoken West of Königsberg. Westsamländisch had a border with Ostsamländisch. Ostsamländisch was spoken around Königsberg, Labiau and Wehlau. Ostsamländisch had a border with Natangian, Westsamländisch and Eastern Low Prussian. Samlandic was spoken around Neukuhren and Heydekrug.Walther Ziesemer: ''Die ostp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
