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Dynamic Energy Budget
The dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory is a formal metabolic theory which provides a single quantitative framework to dynamically describe the aspects of metabolism (energy and mass budgets) of all living organisms at the individual level, based on assumptions about energy uptake, storage, and utilization of various substances. The DEB theory adheres to stringent thermodynamic principles, is motivated by universally observed patterns, is non-species specific, and links different levels of biological organization ( cells, organisms, and populations) as prescribed by the implications of energetics. Models based on the DEB theory have been successfully applied to over 1000 species with real-life applications ranging from conservation, aquaculture, general ecology, and ecotoxicology (see also thAdd-my-pet collection. The theory is contributing to the theoretical underpinning of the emerging field of metabolic ecology. The explicitness of the assumptions and the resulting predictions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metabolic Ecology
Metabolic ecology is a field of ecology aiming to understand constraints on metabolic organization as important for understanding almost all life processes. Main focus is on the Metabolism, metabolism of individuals, emerging intra- and inter-specific patterns, and the evolutionary perspective. Two main metabolic theories that have been applied in ecology are Kooijman's Dynamic energy budget theory, Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory and the Metabolic theory of ecology, West, Brown, and Enquist (WBE) metabolic scaling theory. Both theories have an individual-based metabolic underpinning but have fundamentally different assumptions. Metabolic Scaling Theory is based more in first principles and makes several simplifying assumptions to better reveal the generalities of the role of metabolism in shaping organismal form and function and its impact on ecology and evolution. In many ways, DEB is a more parameterized species-level version of the WBE theory. Models of individual's metaboli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Size
Size in general is the Magnitude (mathematics), magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, ''geometrical size'' (or ''spatial size'') can refer to three geometrical measures: length, area, or volume. Length can be generalized to other linear dimensions (width, height, diameter, perimeter). Size can also be measured in terms of mass, especially when assuming a density range. In mathematical terms, "size is a concept abstracted from the process of measuring by Comparison, comparing a longer to a shorter". Size is determined by the process of comparing or measuring objects, which results in the determination of the magnitude of a quantity, such as length or mass, relative to a unit of measurement. Such a magnitude is usually expressed as a numerical value of Units of measurement, units on a previously established spatial scale, such as meters or inches. The sizes with which humans tend to be most familiar are body dimensions (measures of anthropometry), which i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthesizing Unit
Synthesizing units (SUs) are generalized enzymes that follow the rules of classic enzyme kinetics with two modifications: *product formation is not taken to be a function of substrate concentrations but of substrate fluxes that arrive at the SUs *the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small. One substrate One synthesizing unit S + \theta_. \rightleftharpoons \theta_S \rightleftharpoons P + \theta_. where S is the substrate, \theta is the synthesizing unit (SU), and P is the product. There are two stages: # Binding stage: S + \theta_. \rightleftharpoons \theta_S # Processing stage: \theta_S \rightleftharpoons P + \theta_. To describe the changes in SU: \begin \frac = -bS\theta_. + k\theta_S \\ \frac = bS\theta_. - k\theta_S \\ \theta_. + \theta_S = 1 \end Where b is binding rate, and k is processing rate. Since the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V0-morph
A V0-morph is an organism whose surface area remains constant as the organism grows. The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Biofilms on a flat solid substrate are examples of V0-morphs; they grow in thickness, but not in surface area that is involved in nutrient exchange. Other examples are dinophyta and diatoms that have a cell wall that does not change during the cell cycle. During cell-growth, when the amounts of protein and carbohydrates increase, the vacuole shrinks. The outer membrane that is involved in nutrient uptake remains constant. At cell division, the daughter cells rapidly take up water, complete a new cell wall and the cycle repeats. Eubacteria, Rods (bacteria that have the shape of a rod and grow in length, but not in diameter) are a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V1-morph
An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Since uptake is proportional to maintenance for V1-morphs, there is no size control, and an organism grows exponentially at constant food (substrate) availability. Filaments, such as fungi that form hyphae growing in length, but not in diameter, are examples of V1-morphs. Sheets that extend, but do not change in thickness, like some colonial bacteria and algae, are another example. An important property of V1-morphs is that the distinction between the individual and the population level disappears; a single long filament grows a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foetus
A fetus or foetus (; : fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring of a viviparous animal that develops from an embryo. Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, in general a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional, and some may not yet be situated in their final anatomical location. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (which is the eleventh week of gestational age) and continues until the birth of a newborn. Etymology The word ''fetus'' (plural '' fetuses'' or rarely, the solecism '' feti''''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2013''s.v.'' 'fetus') comes from Latin '' fētus'' 'offspring, bringing forth, hatching of young'. The Latin plural ''fetūs'' is not used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ontogeny
Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the ovum, egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan. Ontogeny is the developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime, as distinct from phylogeny, which refers to the evolutionary history of a species. Another way to think of ontogeny is that it is the process of an organism going through all of the developmental stages over its lifetime. The developmental history includes all the developmental events that occur during the existence of an organism, beginning with the changes in the egg at the time of fertilization and events from the time of birth or hatching and afterward (i.e., growth, remolding of body shape, development of secondary sexual characteristics, etc.). While developmental (i.e., ontogenetic) processes can influen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isomorph
An isomorph is an organism that does not change in shape during growth. The implication is that its volume is proportional to its cubed length, and its surface area to its squared length. This holds for any shape it might have; the actual shape determines the proportionality constants. The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is that food ( substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. Since volume grows faster than surface area, this controls the ultimate size of the organism. Alfred Russel Wallace wrote this in a letter to E. B. Poulton in 1865.see Finch, C. 1990 ''Longevity, senescence, and the genome'' Univ Chicago Press Appendix 3 The surface area that is of importance is the part that is involved in substrate uptake (e.g. the gut surface), which is typically a fixed fraction of the total surface area in an isomorph. The DEB theory explains why isomorphs grow according to the von Berta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MATLAB
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory") is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems. , MATLAB has more than four million users worldwide. They come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. , more than 5000 global colleges and universities use MATLAB to support instruction and research. History Origins MATLAB was invented by mathematician and computer programmer Cleve Moler. The idea for MATLAB was base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estimation
Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding an estimate or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable. The value is nonetheless usable because it is derived from the best information available.C. Lon Enloe, Elizabeth Garnett, Jonathan Miles, ''Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know'' (2000), p. 47. Typically, estimation involves "using the value of a statistic derived from a sample to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter".Raymond A. Kent, "Estimation", ''Data Construction and Data Analysis for Survey Research'' (2001), p. 157. The sample provides information that can be projected, through various formal or informal processes, to determine a range most likely to describe the missing information. An estimate that turns out to be incorrect will be an overestimate if the estimate exceeds the actual result and an underestimate if the estimate f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parameter
A parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. ''Parameter'' has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition. In addition to its technical uses, there are also extended uses, especially in non-scientific contexts, where it is used to mean defining characteristics or boundaries, as in the phrases 'test parameters' or 'game play parameters'. Modelization When a system theory, system is modeled by equations, the values that describe the system are called ''parameters''. For example, in mechanics, the masses, the dimensions and shapes (for solid bodies), the densities and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordinary Differential Equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable (mathematics), variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) Function (mathematics), function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equation, ''partial'' differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations, ''stochastic'' differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random. Differential equations A linear differential equation is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the form :a_0(x)y +a_1(x)y' + a_2(x)y'' +\cdots +a_n(x)y^+b(x)=0, where a_0(x),\ldots,a_n(x) and b(x) are arbitrary differentiable functions that do not need to be linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
