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Denomination (currency)
Denomination is a proper description of a currency amount, usually for coins or banknotes. Denominations may also be used with other means of payment such as gift cards. For example, ''five euros'' is the denomination of a five-euro note. Subunit and super unit In a currency, there is usually a main unit (base) and a subunit that is a fraction of the main unit. In some countries, there are multiple levels of subunits. In the former Ottoman Empire, 1 lira = 100 uruş= 4000 para = 12000 kçe Today, only a few places have more than one subunit, notably the Jordanian dinar is divided into 10 dirham, 100 qirsh/piastres, or 1000 fils. Many countries where Western European languages are spoken currently have their main units divided into 100 subunits. Some currencies that previously had subunits no longer do, because inflation has rendered the subunit useless. A prominent example is the Japanese yen, which was formerly divided into 100 sen or 1000 rin. Both subunits were demonetized a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Currencies On White Background
A currency is a standardization of money in any form, in use or currency in circulation, circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a ''system of money'' in common use within a specific environment over time, especially for people in a nation state. Under this definition, the Pound sterling, British Pound sterling (£), euros (€), Japanese yen (¥), and United States dollar, U.S. dollars (US$) are examples of (government-issued) fiat currencies. Currencies may act as store of value, stores of value and be traded between nations in foreign exchange markets, which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are either chosen by users or decreed by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance; i.e., legal tender laws may require a particular unit of account for Payment, payments to government agencies. Other definitions of the term ''currency'' appe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian English
Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and native to India. English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India. English is also an official language in seven states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India, unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts. Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent, the term ''Indian English'' broadly referred to '' South Asian English'', also known as '' British Indian English''. Status After gaining independence from the British Raj in 1947, English remained an official lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Change-making Problem
The change-making problem addresses the question of finding the minimum number of coins (of certain denominations) that add up to a given amount of money. It is a special case of the integer knapsack problem, and has applications wider than just currency. It is also the most common variation of the ''coin change problem'', a general case of partition in which, given the available denominations of an infinite set of coins, the objective is to find out the number of possible ways of making a change for a specific amount of money, without considering the order of the coins. It is weakly NP-hard, but may be solved optimally in pseudo-polynomial time by dynamic programming. Mathematical definition Coin values can be modeled by a set of distinct positive integer values (whole numbers), arranged in increasing order as through . The problem is: given an amount , also a positive integer, to find a set of non-negative (positive or zero) integers , with each representing how often th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Intelligencer
''The Mathematical Intelligencer'' is a mathematical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media that aims at a conversational and scholarly tone, rather than the technical and specialist tone more common among academic journals. Volumes are released quarterly with a subset of open access articles. Some articles have been cross-published in the ''Scientific American''. Karen Parshall and Sergei Tabachnikov are currently the co-editors-in-chief. History The journal was started informally in 1971 by Walter Kaufmann-Buehler and Alice and Klaus Peters. "Intelligencer" was chosen by Kaufmann-Buehler as a word that would appear slightly old-fashioned. An exploration of mathematically themed stamps, written by Robin Wilson, became one of its earliest columns. Prior to 1977, articles of the ''Intelligencer'' were not contained in regular volumes and were sent out sporadically to those on a mailing list. To gauge interest, the inaugural mailing included twelve thousand people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malagasy Ariary
The ariary ( sign: Ar; ISO 4217 code MGA) is the currency of Madagascar. It is notionally subdivided into 5 '' iraimbilanja'' and is one of only two non-decimal currencies currently circulating (the other is the '' Mauritanian ouguiya''). The names ariary and iraimbilanja derive from the pre-colonial currency, with ariary (from the Spanish word " real") being the name for a silver dollar. Iraimbilanja means "one iron weight" and was the name of an old coin worth of an ariary. However, as of May 2023, the unit is effectively obsolete since the iraimbilanja has practically no purchasing power, and the coins have fallen into disuse. History The ariary was introduced in 1961. It was equal to 5 Malagasy francs. Coins and banknotes were issued denominated in both francs and ariary, with the sub-unit of the ariary, the ''iraimbilanja'', worth of an ariary and therefore equal to the franc. The ariary replaced the franc as the official currency of Madagascar on 1 January 2005. Coins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integer
An integer is the number zero (0), a positive natural number (1, 2, 3, ...), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3, ...). The negations or additive inverses of the positive natural numbers are referred to as negative integers. The set (mathematics), set of all integers is often denoted by the boldface or blackboard bold The set of natural numbers \mathbb is a subset of \mathbb, which in turn is a subset of the set of all rational numbers \mathbb, itself a subset of the real numbers \mathbb. Like the set of natural numbers, the set of integers \mathbb is Countable set, countably infinite. An integer may be regarded as a real number that can be written without a fraction, fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while 9.75, , 5/4, and Square root of 2, are not. The integers form the smallest Group (mathematics), group and the smallest ring (mathematics), ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic number theory, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kreuzer
The Kreuzer (), in English also spelled kreutzer ( ), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871–1873, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper. In south Germany the kreuzer was typically worth 4 Pfennige and there were 60 Kreuzer to a gulden. ''Kreuzer'' was abbreviated as ''Kr'', ''kr'', ''K'' or ''Xr''. Early history The Kreuzer goes back to a ''Groschen'' coin minted in Merano in South Tyrol in 1271 (the so-called ''etscher Kreuzer''). Because of the double cross (German: ''Kreuz'') on the face of the coin, it was soon given the name ''Kreuzer''. It spread in the 15th and 16th centuries throughout the south of the German-speaking area. The Imperial Coinage Act of 1551 made them the unit for small silver coins. In 1559 a value of 60 Kreuzer to 1 Gulden had been adopted throughout the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, but the northern German states declined to jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South German Gulden
The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of Southern 18th century history of Germany, Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Free City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig or 8 Heller (coin), heller. History This specific ''Gulden'' was based on the ''Guilder, Gulden'' or ''Florin (Italian coin), florin'' used in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. The ''Gulden'' first emerged as a common currency of the Holy Roman Empire after the 1524 ''Reichsmünzordnung'' in the form of the ''Guldengroschen''.Shaw (1896), p. 364: Imperial Mint Ordinance of 1524 defines a silver piece = 1 Rhenish gold gulden. On p 363: the silver equivalent of the guld gulden... received the name gulden groschen. In the succeeding centuries the ''Gulden'' was then defined as a fraction of the ''Reichsthaler'' specie or silver coin. As of 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-decimal Currencies
A non-decimal currency is a currency that has sub-units that are a non-decimal fraction of the main unit, i.e. the number of sub-units in a main unit is not a power of 10. Historically, most currencies were non-decimal, though virtually all are now decimal currency, decimal. Contemporary situation Today, only two countries have non-decimal currencies: Mauritania, where 1 Mauritanian ouguiya, ouguiya = 5 khoums, and Madagascar, where 1 Malagasy ariary, ariary = 5 iraimbilanja. However, these are only theoretically non-decimal, as in both cases the value of each sub-unit is too small to be of any practical use and coins of sub-unit denominations are no longer used. The official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which retains its claims of sovereignty under international law and has been granted United Nations General Assembly observers, permanent observer status at the United Nations, is the Maltese scudo, which is subdivided into 12 tarì, each of 20 grani with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exponentiation
In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted , is an operation (mathematics), operation involving two numbers: the ''base'', , and the ''exponent'' or ''power'', . When is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, is the product (mathematics), product of multiplying bases: b^n = \underbrace_.In particular, b^1=b. The exponent is usually shown as a superscript to the right of the base as or in computer code as b^n. This binary operation is often read as " to the power "; it may also be referred to as " raised to the th power", "the th power of ", or, most briefly, " to the ". The above definition of b^n immediately implies several properties, in particular the multiplication rule:There are three common notations for multiplication: x\times y is most commonly used for explicit numbers and at a very elementary level; xy is most common when variable (mathematics), variables are used; x\cdot y is used for emphasizing that one ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decimal Currency
Decimalisation or decimalization (see spelling differences) is the conversion of a system of currency or of weights and measures to units related by powers of 10. Most countries have decimalised their currencies, converting them from non-decimal sub-units to a decimal system, with one basic currency unit and sub-units that are valued relative to the basic unit by a power of 10, most commonly 100 and exceptionally 1000, and sometimes at the same time, changing the name of the currency and/or the conversion rate to the new currency. Today, only two countries have ''de jure'' non-decimal currencies, these being Mauritania (where 1 ouguiya = 5 khoums) and Madagascar (where 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja): however, these currencies are ''de facto'' decimal as the value of both currencies' main unit is now so low that the sub-units are too small to be of any practical use, and coins of these sub-units are no longer used. Russia was the first country to convert to a decimal currency w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Numbering System
The Indian numbering system is used in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to express large numbers, which differs from the International System of Units. Commonly used quantities include ''lakh'' (one hundred thousand) and ''crore'' (ten million) written as 1,00,000 and 1,00,00,000 respectively in some locales. For example: 150,000 rupees is "1.5 ''lakh'' rupees" which can be written as "1,50,000 rupees", and 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees is referred to as "3 ''crore'' rupees" which can be written as "3,00,00,000 rupees". There are names for numbers larger than ''crore'', but they are less commonly used. These include ''arab'' (100 ''crore'', 109), ''kharab'' (100 ''arab'', 1011), ''nil'' or sometimes transliterated as ''neel'' (100 kharab, 1013), ''padma'' (100 nil, 1015), ''shankh'' (100 padma, 1017), and ''mahashankh'' (100 shankh, 1019). In common parlance (though inconsistent), the ''lakh'' and ''crore'' terminology repeats for larger numbers. Thus ''la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
