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Country Of Towns
In the archaeology of Russia, the Country of Towns (russian: Страна городов, ''strana gorodov'') is a tentative term for a territory in the southern Trans-Urals where a number of middle Bronze Age (~2,000 BC) fortified settlements of the Sintashta culture were found in the 1970s and 1980s.Andrey Bersenev, Andrey Epimakhov and Dmitry ZdanovichSINTASHTA BOW OF THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH TRANS-URALS, RUSSIA in: "Bronze Age Warfare: Manufacture and Use of Weaponry", 2011, Since the discovery of the Sintashta culture, aerial photography has revealed that there is a compactly grouped number of town-type settlements (over 20) in the northern steppe of the southern Trans-Urals, within an area bounded roughly 350~400 km north–south and 120~150 km east–west between Magnitorgorsk and Chelyabinsk in Orenburg region, Chelyabinsk region, Northern Kazakhstan and Bashkortostan. Therefore, in the 2000s, the principal investigator of this area, Gennady Zdanovich, groupe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeology Of Russia
Russian archaeology begins in the Russian Empire in the 1850s and becomes Soviet Union, Soviet archaeology in the early 20th century. The journal ''Sovetskaya arkheologiya'' is published from 1957. Archaeologists Sites major archaeological cultures and sites in Russia **Kermek (:ru:Кермек (стоянка)) **Bogatyri/Sinyaya Balka (:ru:Богатыри/Синяя балка) **Palaeolithic site Kostyonki **Sungir **Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Yana RHS (:ru:Янская стоянка) **Afontova Gora *Mal'ta–Buret' culture (Upper Paleolithic) *Khvalynsk culture (Eneolithic) *Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture (Chalcolithic) *Novotitorovka culture (Early Bronze Age) *Maykop culture (Early Bronze Age) **Maykop kurgan *Yamna culture *Afanasevo culture (Early Bronze Age) *Abashevo culture (Bronze Age) *Andronovo culture (Middle to Late Bronze Age) **Arkaim **Sintashta *Srubna culture (Late Bronze to Iron Age) *Tanais (Late Bronze to Iron Age) *Pazyryk culture (Iron Age) *Tmutara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans-Urals
The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.Ural Mountains Encyclopædia Britannica on-line The mountain range forms part of the conventional boundary between the regions of and |
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen for classifying and studying ancient societies and history. An ancient civilization is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age because it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Bronze is harder and more durable than the other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage. While terrestrial iron is naturally abundant, the higher temperature required for smelting, , in addition to the greater difficulty of working with the metal, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sintashta Culture
The Sintashta culture (russian: Синташтинская культура, Sintashtinskaya kul'tura), around 2050–1900 BCE, is the first phase of the Sintashta–Petrovka culture. or Sintashta–Arkaim culture,. and is a late Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture, located to the east of the Southern Urals, within the northern Eurasian steppe on the borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The whole Sintashta–Petrovka complex was dated in a recent publication by Stephan Lindner, based on a series of 19 calibrated radiocarbon dating samples as belonging to c. 2050–1750 BCE. The phase of the Petrovka culture can be dated c. 1900–1750 BCE. The oldest reliable analysis of human remains from Sintashta is radiocarbon dated to a mean of cal BC (2335–2041 calBC), and genetically analyzed as Y-haplogroup R1a-Z93 < R-Z2124. The Sintashta culture was previously dated to the period 2200–1800 BCE. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerial Photography
Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms. When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, or using action cameras while skydiving or wingsuiting. Handheld cameras may be manually operated by the photographer, while mounted cameras are usually remotely operated or triggered automatically. Aerial photography typically refers specifically to bird's-eye view images that focus on landscapes and surface objects, and should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight. Elevated photography can also produce bird's-eye images closely resembling aerial photography (despite not actually being aerial shots) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gennady Zdanovich
Gennadii Borisovich Zdanovich (Russian: Геннадий Борисович Зданович; 4 October 1938 – 19 November 2020) was a Russian archaeologist based at the historical site of Arkaim, Chelyabinsk, Russia. Zdanovich led the excavation campaign at Arkaim in the Southern Urals. In the archaeology of the Sintashta culture The Sintashta culture (russian: Синташтинская культура, Sintashtinskaya kul'tura), around 2050–1900 BCE, is the first phase of the Sintashta–Petrovka culture. or Sintashta–Arkaim culture,. and is a late Middle Bronze Ag ..., he introduced the term "the Country of Towns".Andrey Bersenev, Andrey Epimakhov and Dmitry ZdanovichSINTASHTA BOW OF THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH TRANS-URALS, RUSSIA in: "Bronze Age Warfare: Manufacture and Use of Weaponry", 2011, He was a proponent of an approach which seeks to unify archaeological and ecological approaches to the environment. Zdanovich died on 19 November 2020. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fyodor Petrov (archaeologist)
Fyodor Fyodorovich Petrov (russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Петров) (16 March 1902, Doktorovo, Tula Governorate – 19 August 1978) was a Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ... artillery designer. References 1902 births 1978 deaths People from Venyovsky District People from Tula Governorate Russian inventors Weapon designers Heroes of Socialist Labour Stalin Prize winners {{Russia-engineer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orenburg Oblast
Orenburg Oblast (russian: Оренбургская область, ''Orenburgskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name ''Chkalov Oblast'' () in honor of Valery Chkalov. Population: 2,033,072 ( 2010 Census). Geography Orenburg Oblast's internal borders are with the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan to the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast to the north-east, and with Samara and Saratov oblasts to the west. Orenburg Oblast also shares an international border with Kazakhstan to the east and south. The oblast is situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia. The majority of its territory lies west of the continental divide in European Russia and smaller sections in the east situated on the Asian side of the divide. The most important river of the oblast is the Ural and the largest lake Shalkar-Yega-Kara. Orenburg is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeology Of Russia
Russian archaeology begins in the Russian Empire in the 1850s and becomes Soviet Union, Soviet archaeology in the early 20th century. The journal ''Sovetskaya arkheologiya'' is published from 1957. Archaeologists Sites major archaeological cultures and sites in Russia **Kermek (:ru:Кермек (стоянка)) **Bogatyri/Sinyaya Balka (:ru:Богатыри/Синяя балка) **Palaeolithic site Kostyonki **Sungir **Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Yana RHS (:ru:Янская стоянка) **Afontova Gora *Mal'ta–Buret' culture (Upper Paleolithic) *Khvalynsk culture (Eneolithic) *Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture (Chalcolithic) *Novotitorovka culture (Early Bronze Age) *Maykop culture (Early Bronze Age) **Maykop kurgan *Yamna culture *Afanasevo culture (Early Bronze Age) *Abashevo culture (Bronze Age) *Andronovo culture (Middle to Late Bronze Age) **Arkaim **Sintashta *Srubna culture (Late Bronze to Iron Age) *Tanais (Late Bronze to Iron Age) *Pazyryk culture (Iron Age) *Tmutara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Siberia
The early history of Siberia was greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians ( Pazyryk) on the west of the Ural Mountains and Xiongnu (Noin-Ula) on the east of the Urals, both flourishing before the Christian era. The steppes of Siberia were occupied by a succession of nomadic peoples, including the Khitan people, various Turkic peoples, and the Mongol Empire. In the Late Middle Ages, Tibetan Buddhism spread into the areas south of Lake Baikal. During the Russian Empire, Siberia was chiefly developed as an agricultural province. The government also used it as a place of exile, sending Avvakum, Dostoevsky, and the Decemberists, among others, to work camps in the region. During the 19th century, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed, supporting industrialization. This was also aided by discovery and exploitation of vast reserves of Siberian mineral resources. Prehistory and antiquity According to the field of genetic genealogy, people firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultural Heritage Monuments In Chelyabinsk Oblast
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.Tylor, Edward. (1871). Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies. A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus in military culture, valor is counted a typica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
