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Civic Directory
The Civic Directory ( es, Directorio Cívico) was a military junta which governed El Salvador from 2 to 4 December 1931. The junta was composed of twelve members of the Armed Forces of El Salvador from the Salvadoran Army, army, Salvadoran Air Force, air force, and National Guard (El Salvador), National Guard. The directory marked the beginning of the era of Military dictatorship in El Salvador, military dictatorships in El Salvador which lasted until October 1979 with the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état and the establishment of the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador, Revolutionary Government Junta, a joint civilian-military government which ruled until 1982. Background 1931 general election In early-January 1931, El Salvador held its first fair and free 1931 Salvadoran general election, democratic election in its history. Of the six candidates, the Armed Forces of El Salvador, military supported the candidacy of Doctor Alberto Gómez Zárate, who served as the Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civic-Military Directory
The Civic-Military Directory was a political body which ruled El Salvador from 25 January 1961 until 25 January 1962. Its members were: * Aníbal Portillo (whole time) * Feliciano Avelar (whole time) * José Antonio Rodríguez Porth (until 6 April 1961) * José Francisco Valiente (until 6 April 1961) * Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (2 September 1921 – 29 July 1973) was a Salvadoran politician and military officer, who was the 34th President of El Salvador, in office from 1962 to 1967. Early life and career Rivera was born in Zacatecol ... (until 11 September 1961) * Mariano Castro Morán (from 11 September 1961) References Government of El Salvador Military dictatorships 1961 in El Salvador 1962 in El Salvador {{ElSalvador-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engineer
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost. "Science is knowledge based on our observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives." The word ''engineer'' (Latin ) is derived from the Latin words ("to contrive, devise") and ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of an engineer typically include a four-year Bachelor of Engineering, bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a Master of Engineering, master's degree in an engineering disciplin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1923 Central American Treaty Of Peace And Amity
The 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, officially known as the General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 1923, was a treaty signed by the five nations of Central America in 1923 which established that all nations would denounce and not recognize any government which arose in any of the five signatory nations through illegal means (ie: coup d'état, revolution). The treaty remained effective from its signing on 7 February 1923 until it was denounced by the Central American Court of Justice in 1934. History A similar treaty was signed and ratified in the 1907 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity but the treaty fell apart in 1917 when Nicaragua denounced the treaty. The five nations of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua agreed to draft a new treaty with a similar function and were invited by United States President Warren G. Harding on 4 December 1922 to draft and sign the treaty in Washington D.C. The treaty outlined that no signatory n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Department Of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nations, its primary duties are advising the U.S. president on international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the United States at the United Nations conference. Established in 1789 as the first administrative arm of the U.S. executive branch, the State Department is considered among the most powerful and prestigious executive agencies. It is headed by the secretary of state, who reports directly to the U.S. president and is a member of the Cabinet. Analogous to a foreign minister, the secretary of state serves as the federal government's chief diplomat and representative abroad, and is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of El Salvador
The president of El Salvador ( es, Presidente de El Salvador), officially known as the President of the Republic of El Salvador ( es, Presidente de la República de El Salvador), is the Head of State, head of state and Head of Government, head of government of El Salvador. He is also, by Constitutional Law, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of El Salvador. The office was created in the Constitution of 1841. From 1821 until 1841, the head of state of El Salvador was styled simply as Head of State (''Jefe de Estado''). The President of the Republic of El Salvador begins their duties on 1 June of the year of their election and is accompanied by a vice president. According to the Electoral Code, for a person to be declared President-Elect of the Republic, they must obtain 50% plus one of the votes obtained in the election in the presidential elections. If none of the candidates gets to obtain that result, a second voting round will be held where the two candidates who have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 Salvadoran Coup D'état
The 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état occurred on 2 December 1931. The coup overthrew President Arturo Araujo and led to the establishment of the Civic Directory. The coup began 48 years of military rule in El Salvador which lasted until the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état. Coup and Directory The Salvadoran Armed Forces toppled the government of the democratically elected President, Arturo Araujo, the candidate of the Labor Party. During his administration, El Salvador faced political tension and public unrest. Tax reforms also failed to succeed due to resistance from the wealthy class. The final straw for the coup was an attempt to reduce the military budget which was met by heavy resistance by military officers. With the government being unable to pay wages to military officers, the army staged the coup to remove Arturo Araujo’s administration at 10 p.m. on 2 December 1931. The military officers established the Civic Directory as a provisional government whose members wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vice President Of El Salvador
The vice president of El Salvador ( es, Vicepresidente de El Salvador) is a political position in El Salvador which is elected concurrently with the position of President of El Salvador. A list of the office holders follows. The list may not be complete. List of vice presidents See also *List of current Vice Presidents References {{Deputy heads of government of North America Government of El Salvador El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Unrest
Civil disorder, also known as civil disturbance, civil unrest, or social unrest is a situation arising from a mass act of civil disobedience (such as a demonstration, riot, strike, or unlawful assembly) in which law enforcement has difficulty maintaining their authority. Engagement According to the U.S. Code, a person is engaged in civil disorder if they - Causes Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances, economic disparities, social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another. Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact. Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic dispute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24 (Black Thursday). It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. Devastating effects were seen in both rich and poor countries with falling personal income, prices, tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Republican Party (El Salvador)
The National Republican Party () was a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1930 to 1931. The party was founded by Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez and ran in the 1931 general election. The party joined a coalition with Arturo Araujo's Labor Party during the 1931 general election.Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook Vol. 1'' Oxford University Press, p287 The coalition failed to win a majority but Araujo was elected president by the Legislative Assembly and Maximiliano Hernández Martínez became Vice President. The party was dissolved following the 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état but was later turned into the National Pro Patria Party.Grieb, Kenneth J (1971) "The United States and the rise of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez" ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 3, 2 p152 Electoral history Presidential elections Legislative Assembly elections See also *1931 Salvadoran general election * Labor Party (El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (20 October 1882 – 15 May 1966) was a Salvadoran military officer and politician who served as the president of El Salvador from 4 December 1931 to 28 August 1934 in an acting capacity and again in an official capacity from 1 March 1935 until his resignation on 9 May 1944. He was the leader of El Salvador during World War II. While he served as President Arturo Araujo's vice president and defense minister, a directorate seized power during a palace coup and afterwards named Hernández Martínez president of El Salvador. He served as president for almost 12 years and ruled the nation with an authoritarian one-party state led by the fascistic and anti-communist National Pro Patria Party. His rule was marked by rigged and fraudulent electionsWilliams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) ''Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy'' Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27 and brutality, most notably the 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine United States Minor Outlying Islands, Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in Compact of Free Association, free association with three Oceania, Pacific Island Sovereign state, sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Palau, Republic of Palau. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders Canada–United States border, with Canada to its north and Mexico–United States border, with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
