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Chios Massacre
The Chios massacre (in el, Η σφαγή της Χίου, ) was a catastrophe that resulted to the death, enslavement, and refuging of about four-fifths of the total population of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops, during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Greeks from neighboring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chiotes (the native inhabitants of the island) to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands. The massacre of Christians provoked international outrage across the Western world, and led to increasing support for the Greek cause worldwide. Background For over 2,000 years, merchants and shipowners from Chios had been prominent in trade and diplomacy throughout the Black Sea, the Aegean, and the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire allowed Chios almost complete control over its own affairs as Chioten trade and the very highly valued mastic plant, harvested only on Chios, were of great v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massacres During The Greek War Of Independence
There were numerous massacres during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) perpetrated by both the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman forces and the Greece, Greek revolutionaries. The war was characterized by a lack of respect for civilian life, and Prisoner of war, prisoners of war on both sides of the conflict. Massacres of Greeks took place especially in Ionia, Crete, Constantinople, Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia and the Aegean Islands, Aegean islands. Turkish people, Turkish, Albanians, Albanian, Greek Muslims, Greeks, and Jews, Jewish populations, who were identified with the Ottomans inhabiting the Peloponnese, suffered massacres, particularly where Greek forces were dominant. Settled Greek communities in the Aegean Sea, Crete, Central Greece, Central and Southern Greece were wiped out, and settled Turkish, Albanian, Greek Muslims, Greeks, and smaller Jewish communities in the Peloponnese were destroyed. Massacres of Greeks Constantinople Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the northwest, the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Southeast Europe. The eastern border of Anatolia has been held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea, bounded by the Armenian Highlands to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast. By this definition Anatolia comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. Today, Anatolia is sometimes considered to be synonymous w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Living Age
Eliakim Littell (2 January 1797 – 17 May 1870) was a United States editor and publisher, the founder of a long-lived periodical named ''Littell's Living Age'' (1844-1941). Biography Littell was born in Burlington, New Jersey. He moved to Philadelphia in 1819, and established a weekly literary paper entitled the ''National Recorder'', whose name he changed in 1821 to the ''Saturday Magazine''. In July 1822, he again changed it to a monthly called the ''Museum of Foreign Literature and Science'', which was edited during the first year by Robert Walsh, and subsequently by himself and his brother Squier (born in Burlington, New Jersey, 9 December 1803; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 4 July 1886). After conducting this with great success for nearly 22 years, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts. In Boston in April 1844, he began ''Littell's Living Age'', a weekly literary periodical, published from an office at the corner of Bromfield and Tremont Streets.Boston Directory 1852 In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) was an Ottoman statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier in the beginning of Abdul Hamid II's reign between 5 February 1877 and 11 January 1878. He resigned from that post after the Ottoman chances on winning the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) had decreased. He furthermore served numerous administrative positions in the Ottoman Empire including minister of foreign affairs in 1856, then ambassador to Berlin in 1876, and to Vienna from 1879 to 1882. He also served as a military engineer and as Minister of Interior from 1883 to 1885. In 1876–1877, he represented the Ottoman Government at the Constantinople Conference. Early life He was born in Chios of Greek ancestry, in a Christian Greek Orthodox village on the island of Chios. Strangely, his connection to Chios is not well-documented: his son Osman Hamdi Bey claimed that he was a member of the Skaramanga family, but Edhem Pasha himself tried to efface his Greek connections. As a young bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustapha Khaznadar
Mustapha Khaznadar ( ar, مصطفى خزندار; 1817–1878), born as Georgios Halkias Stravelakis () was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1855 to 1873.. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.. Biography Early life Mustapha Khaznadar was born in the village of Kardamyla on the Greek island of Chios. as Georgios Halkias Stravelakis. in 1817.. In January 1822, rebels from the neighboring islands of Samos arrived on Chios and declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman sultan soon sent an army of about 40,000 to the island of Chios, where roughly 52,000 Greek inhabitants were massacred and tens of thousands of women and children were taken into slavery. During the Chios massacre, Georgios's father, the sailor Stephanis Halkias Stravelakis, was killed, while Georgios along with his brother Yannis were captured and sold into slavery by the Ottomans. He was then taken to Smyrna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents. Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations. History Antiquity ;Adoption for the well-born While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chian Diaspora
The Chian diaspora was the dispersal of most of the remaining population of the Aegean island of Chios, after the massacre of 1822. It is one part of the larger Greek diaspora. Its creation At the beginning of the 19th century, Chios was the home of many merchant and ship-owning families, who earned great wealth by shipping grain from Ukraine to western Europe and manufactured goods back from industrialised Europe to the Ottoman Empire, of which Greece was a province These families, like most of the population of Chios, were of mixed Greek and Genoese descent. This ended with the Chios Massacre of 1822, with much of the population of the island being killed or enslaved. 20,000 were exiled. Many of the refugees moved to other Aegean islands, particularly Psara and Syros. The wealthier were better able to move further away, to where they would be safe from further massacres. A number of influential members of the merchant and ship-owning families were, in the course of their b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galignani's Messenger
Giovanni Antonio Galignani (1757–1821) was an Italian newspaper publisher born at Brescia. After living some time in London, he moved to Paris, where in 1800 he started an English library, and in 1808 a monthly publication, the ''Repertory of English Literature''. In 1814 he began to publish the '' Galignani's Messenger'', a daily paper printed in English. After his death in 1821, his two sons, John Anthony (1796–1873) and William (1798–1882) continued publishing the paper. Under their management it enjoyed a high reputation for its global coverage and emphasis on progressive news. Its stated policy was to promote goodwill between England and France. The brothers' goodwill was not simply rhetoric. They expanded their prestige by establishing and endowing hospitals at Corbeil and at Neuilly-sur-Seine. In recognition of their generosity, the city of Corbeil erected a monument in their honour. In 1884 the Galignani family disposed of their interest in ''Galignani's Messen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMS Seringapatam (1819)
HMS ''Seringapatam'' was a 46-gun fifth-rate frigate built for the Royal Navy between 1817 and 1821, the name ship of her class. Design ''Seringapatam''s design was based on that of the light French frigate ,Robert Gardiner, ''The Sailing Frigate: A History in Ship Models'' (Seaforth Publishing, 2013)p. 90 “At much the same time, in what was to be the Admiralty's last cultural genuflection to French design, a new frigate was ordered to the lines of the Président (a near-sister of Révolutionnaire) that became the Seringapatam…” captured by HMS ''Despatch'' of the Royal Navy in a skirmish in the Bay of Biscay on 27 September 1806, to become HMS ''President''. The intention was to establish a new class of frigate for use after the Napoleonic Wars, supplementing the ''Leda'' class, but the result was disappointing, and major revisions to the design led to sub-classes. ''Seringapatam'' was originally ordered as a 38-gun frigate, but in February 1817 the re-classificat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main and final Islamic prophet.Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . (See alsoquick reference) " e Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'" It is the world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, with its followers ranging between 1-1.8 billion globally, or around a quarter of the world's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasuhzade Ali Pasha
Nasuhzade Ali Pasha ( Turkish: ''Nasuhzade Ali Paşa''), commonly known as Kara Ali Pasha ( el, Καρά Αλή Πασάς), was an Ottoman admiral during the early stages of the Greek War of Independence. In 1821, as second-in-command of the Ottoman navy, he succeeded in resupplying the isolated Ottoman fortresses in the Peloponnese, while his subordinate Ismael Gibraltar destroyed Galaxeidi. Promoted to Kapudan Pasha (commander-in-chief of the navy), and led the suppression of the revolt in Chios and the ensuing Chios massacre in April 1822. He was killed when a fireship captained by Konstantinos Kanaris blew up his flagship in Chios harbour on the night of 18/19 June 1822. Origin He hailed from an Albanian family in Shkodra, and was much esteemed for his ability; at the time of his appointment as Kapudan Pasha, the then Austrian ambassador to the Sublime Porte qualified him as "the only intelligent and educated officer of the navy". In the Greek War of Independence 1821 ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kapudan Pasha
The Kapudan Pasha ( ota, قپودان پاشا, modern Turkish: ), was the Grand Admiral of the navy of the Ottoman Empire. He was also known as the ( ota, قپودان دریا, links=no, modern: , "Captain of the Sea"). Typically, he was based at Galata and Gallipoli during the winter and charged with annual sailings during the summer months. The title of ''Kapudan Pasha'' itself is only attested from 1567 onwards; earlier designations for the supreme commander of the fleet include (" bey of the sea") and ("head captain"). The title ''Derya Bey'' was first granted during the reign of Bayezid I as an official rank within the state structure. Following the Conquest of Constantinople, Mehmet II raised Baltaoğlu Süleyman Bey to the status of sanjak bey for his efforts against the Byzantines in the Golden Horn.Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey', Vol. 1, pp. 131 ff. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 1976. Accessed 12 Sept 2011. Baltaoğ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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