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Pattern Matching
In computer science, pattern matching is the act of checking a given sequence of tokens for the presence of the constituents of some pattern. In contrast to pattern recognition, the match usually must be exact: "either it will or will not be a match." The patterns generally have the form of either sequences or tree structures. Uses of pattern matching include outputting the locations (if any) of a pattern within a token sequence, to output some component of the matched pattern, and to substitute the matching pattern with some other token sequence (i.e., search and replace). Sequence patterns (e.g., a text string) are often described using regular expressions and matched using techniques such as backtracking. Tree patterns are used in some programming languages as a general tool to process data based on its structure, e.g. C#, F#, Haskell, Java, ML, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Swift and the symbolic mathematics language Mathematica have special syntax for expressing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Programming
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by Function application, applying and Function composition (computer science), composing Function (computer science), functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are Tree (data structure), trees of Expression (computer science), expressions that map Value (computer science), values to other values, rather than a sequence of Imperative programming, imperative Statement (computer science), statements which update the State (computer science), running state of the program. In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning that they can be bound to names (including local Identifier (computer languages), identifiers), passed as Parameter (computer programming), arguments, and Return value, returned from other functions, just as any other data type can. This allows programs to be written in a Declarative programming, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruby (programming Language)
Ruby is a general-purpose programming language. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object (computer science), object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro Matsumoto, Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Ruby is interpreted language, interpreted, high-level programming language, high-level, and Dynamic typing, dynamically typed; its interpreter uses garbage collection (computer science), garbage collection and just-in-time compilation. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural programming, procedural, object-oriented programming, object-oriented, and functional programming. According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel, Ada (programming language), Ada, BASIC, and Lisp (programming language), Lisp. History Early concept According to Matsumoto, Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SASL (programming Language)
SASL (St Andrews Static Language, alternatively St Andrews Standard Language) is a purely functional programming language developed by David Turner at the University of St Andrews in 1972, based on the applicative subset of ISWIM. In 1976 Turner redesigned and reimplemented it as a non-strict (lazy) language. In this form it was the foundation of Turner's later languages Kent Recursive Calculator (KRC) and Miranda, but SASL appears to be untyped whereas Miranda has polymorphic types. Burroughs Corporation The Burroughs Corporation was a major American manufacturer of business equipment. The company was founded in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company by William Seward Burroughs I, William Seward Burroughs. The company's history paralleled many ... used SASL to write a compiler and operating system. Notes References * * External links The SASL Language Manual Academic programming languages Functional languages History of computing in the United Kin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prolog
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving, and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic. Unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program is a set of facts and Horn clause, rules, which define Finitary relation, relations. A computation is initiated by running a ''query'' over the program. Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages and remains the most popular such language today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for automated theorem proving, theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type systems, and automated planning, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. See also Watson (computer). Prolog is a Turing-complete, general-purpose programming language, which is well-suited for inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refal
Refal ("Recursive functions algorithmic language"; ) "is a functional programming language oriented toward symbolic computations", including " string processing, language translation, ndartificial intelligence". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived of in 1966 as a theoretical tool, with the first implementation appearing in 1968. Refal was intended to combine mathematical simplicity with practicality for writing large and sophisticated programs. One of the first functional programming languages to do so, and unlike Lisp of its time, Refal is based on pattern matching. Its pattern matching works in conjunction with term rewriting. The basic data structure of Lisp and Prolog is a linear list built by cons operation in a sequential manner, thus with ''O(n)'' access to list's ''n''th element. Refal's lists are built and scanned from both ends, with pattern matching working for nested lists as well as the top-level one. In effect, the basic data structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNOBOL
SNOBOL ("StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language") is a series of programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC. Despite the similar name, it is entirely unlike COBOL. SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages of its era by having patterns as a first-class data type, a data type whose values can be manipulated in all ways permitted to any other data type in the programming language, and by providing operators for pattern concatenation and alternation. SNOBOL4 patterns are a type of object and admit various manipulations, much like later object-oriented languages such as JavaScript whose patterns are known as regular expressions. In addition SNOBOL4 strings generated during execution can be treated as programs and either inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COMIT
COMIT was the first string processing language (compare SNOBOL, TRAC, and Perl), developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Victor Yngve, University of Chicago, and collaborators at MIT from 1957 to 1965. Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine translation for natural language processing. The creation of COMIT led to the creation of SNOBOL SNOBOL ("StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language") is a series of programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a ..., which stand out apart from other programming languages of the era (during the 50s and 60s) for having patterns as first class data type. Bob Fabry, University of Chicago, was responsible for COMIT II on Compatible Time Sharing System. References * * * Sammet, J.E. "String and list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guard (computer Science)
In computer programming, a guard is a Boolean expression that must evaluate to true if the execution of the program is to continue in the branch in question. Regardless of which programming language is used, a guard clause, guard code, or guard statement is a check of integrity preconditions used to avoid errors during execution. The term guard clause is a Software design pattern attributed to Kent Beck who codified many often unnamed coding practices into named software design patterns, the practice of using this technique dates back to at least the early 1960's. The guard clause most commonly is added at the beginning of a procedure and is said to "guard" the rest of the procedure by handling edgecases upfront. Uses A typical example is checking that a reference about to be processed is not null, which avoids null-pointer failures. Other uses include using a Boolean field for idempotence (so subsequent calls are nops), as in the dispose pattern. public String foo(Str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conditional (computer Programming)
In computer science, conditionals (that is, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs) are programming language constructs that perform different computations or actions or return different values depending on the value of a Boolean expression, called a ''condition''. Conditionals are typically implemented by selectively executing instructions. Although dynamic dispatch is not usually classified as a conditional construct, it is another way to select between alternatives at runtime. Terminology Conditional statements are imperative constructs executed for side-effect, while conditional expressions return values. Many programming languages (such as C) have distinct conditional statements and conditional expressions. Although in pure functional programming, conditional expressions do not have side-effects, many languages with conditional expressions (such as Lisp) support conditional side-effects. If–then(–else) The if–then or if ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Construct
In computer programming, a language construct is "a syntactically allowable part of a program that may be formed from one or more lexical tokens in accordance with the rules of the programming language", as defined by in the ISO/IEC 2382 standard (ISO/IEC JTC 1). A term is defined as a "linguistic construct in a conceptual schema language that refers to an entity". While the terms "language construct" and "control structure" are often used synonymously, there are additional types of logical constructs within a computer program, including variables, expressions, functions, or modules. Control flow statements (such as conditionals, foreach loops, while loops, etc) are language constructs, not functions. So while (true) is a language construct, while add(10) is a function call. Examples of language constructs In PHP print is a language construct. is the same as: Programming constructs In Java a class Class, Classes, or The Class may refer to: Common us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syntax (programming Languages)
In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the rules that define the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured Statement (computer science), statements or Expression (computer science), expressions in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents source code, and to markup languages, where the document represents data. The syntax of a language defines its surface form. Text-based user interface, Text-based computer languages are based on sequences of Character (computing), characters, while visual programming languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may be textual or graphical). Documents that are syntactically invalid are said to have a syntax error. When designing the syntax of a language, a designer might start by writing down examples of both legal and illegal String (computer science), strings, before trying to figure out the general rules from these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfram Mathematica
Wolfram (previously known as Mathematica and Wolfram Mathematica) is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allows machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other programming languages. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram, and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in ''Mathematica''. Mathematica 1.0 was released on June 23, 1988 in Champaign, Illinois and Santa Clara, California. Mathematica's Wolfram Language is fundamentally based on Lisp; for example, the Mathematica command Most is identically equal to the Lisp command butlast. There is a substantial literature on the development of computer algebra systems (CAS). __TOC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
