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Consistency Criterion
A voting system satisfies join-consistency (also called the reinforcement criterion) if combining two sets of votes, both electing ''A'' over ''B'', always results in a combined electorate that ranks ''A'' over ''B''. It is a stronger form of the participation criterion. Systems that fail the consistency criterion (such as instant-runoff voting or Condorcet method, Condorcet methods) are susceptible to the multiple-district paradox, a Pathological (mathematics), pathological behavior where a candidate can win an election without carrying even a single precinct. Conversely, it can be seen as allowing for a particularly egregious kind of gerrymander: it is possible to draw boundaries in such a way that a candidate who wins the overall election fails to carry even a single electoral district. Rules susceptible to the multiple-districts paradox include all Condorcet methods and Instant-runoff voting, instant-runoff (or ranked-choice) voting. Rules that are not susceptible to it includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voting System
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Score Voting
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate with the highest average score is elected. Score voting includes the well-known approval voting (used to calculate approval ratings), but also lets voters give partial (in-between) approval ratings to candidates. Usage Political use Historical A crude form of score voting was used in some elections in ancient Sparta, by measuring how loudly the crowd shouted for different candidates. This has a modern-day analog of using clapometers in some television shows and the judging processes of some athletic competitions. Beginning in the 13th century, the Republic of Venice elected the Doge of Venice using a multi-stage process with multiple rounds of score voting. This may have contributed to the Republic's longevity, being partly responsible for its status as the longest-lived democracy in world history. Score voting w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas R
Douglas may refer to: People * Douglas (given name) * Douglas (surname) Animals * Douglas (parrot), macaw that starred as the parrot ''Rosalinda'' in Pippi Longstocking * Douglas the camel, a camel in the Confederate Army in the American Civil War Businesses * Douglas Aircraft Company * Douglas (cosmetics), German cosmetics retail chain in Europe * Douglas Holding, former German company * Douglas (motorcycles), British motorcycle manufacturer Peerage and Baronetage * Duke of Douglas * Earl of Douglas, or any holder of the title * Marquess of Douglas, or any holder of the title * Douglas baronets Peoples * Clan Douglas, a Scottish kindred * Dougla people, West Indians of both African and East Indian heritage Places Australia * Douglas, Queensland, a suburb of Townsville * Douglas, Queensland (Toowoomba Region), a locality * Port Douglas, North Queensland, Australia * Shire of Douglas, in northern Queensland Canada * Douglas, New Brunswick * Douglas Parish, New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John H Smith (mathematician)
John Howard Smith is an American mathematician and retired professor of mathematics at Boston College.Math faculty listing Boston College, retrieved 2011-03-28. He received his Ph.D. from the in 1963, under the supervision of . In , he is known for the |
Highest Median Voting Rules
The highest median voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest median rules differ in their treatment of ties, i.e., the method of ranking the candidates with the same median rating. Proponents of highest median rules argue that they provide the most faithful reflection of the voters' opinion. They note that as with other cardinal voting rules, highest medians are not subject to Arrow's impossibility theorem. However, critics note that highest median rules violate participation and the Archimedean property; highest median rules can fail to elect a candidate almost-unanimously preferred over all other candidates. Example As in score voting, voters rate candidates along a common scale, e.g.: An elector can give the same appreciation to several different candidates. A candidate not evaluated automatically receives the mention "Bad". Then, for each candidate, we calculate what percentage o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positional Voting
Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and the one with the most points overall wins. The lower-ranked preference in any adjacent pair is generally of less value than the higher-ranked one. Although it may sometimes be weighted the same, it is never worth more. A valid progression of points or weightings may be chosen at will (Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest, Eurovision Song Contest) or it may form a mathematical sequence such as an arithmetic progression (Borda count), a geometric one (Positional notation, positional number system) or a harmonic one (Borda count#Dowdall system (Nauru), Nauru/Dowdall method). The set of weightings employed in an election heavily influences the rank ordering of the candidates. The steeper the initial decline in preference values with descending rank, the more polarised and less consensual the positional voting system becomes. Position ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rated Voting
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by giving each one a grade on a separate scale. The distribution of ratings for each candidate—i.e. the percentage of voters who assign them a particular score—is called their merit profile. For example, if candidates are graded on a 4-point scale, one candidate's merit profile may be 25% on every possible rating (1, 2, 3, and 4), while a perfect candidate would have a merit profile where 100% of voters assign them a score of 4. Since rated methods allow the voters to express how strongly they support a candidate, these methods are not covered by Arrow's impossibility theorem, and their resistance to the spoiler effect becomes a more complex matter. Some rated methods are immune to the spoiler effect when every voter rates the candidates on an absolute scale, but they are not when the voters' rating scales change based on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Voting
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of all the candidates as they like instead of Plurality voting, choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and Summability criterion, easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction. Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a Dichotomous preferences, binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules). Effect on elections Research by Social choice theory, social choice theorists Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach found that approval voting would increase voter participation, prevent minor-party candidates from being spoiler effect, spoilers, and reduce negative campaigning. Brams' researc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borda Count
The Borda method or order of merit is a positional voting rule that gives each candidate a number of points equal to the number of candidates ranked below them: the lowest-ranked candidate gets 0 points, the second-lowest gets 1 point, and so on. The candidate with the most points wins. The Borda count has been independently reinvented several times, with the first recorded proposal in 1435 being by Nicholas of Cusa (see History below), but is named after the 18th-century French mathematician and naval engineer Jean-Charles de Borda, who re-devised the system in 1770. The Borda count is well-known in social choice theory both for its pleasant theoretical properties and its ease of manipulation. In the absence of strategic voting and strategic nomination, the Borda count tends to elect broadly-acceptable options or candidates (rather than consistently following the preferences of a majority); when both voting and nomination patterns are completely random, the Borda count gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Participation Criterion
The participation criterion is a voting system criterion that says candidates should never lose an election as a result of receiving too many votes in support. More formally, it says that adding more voters who prefer ''Alice'' to ''Bob'' should not cause ''Alice'' to lose the election to ''Bob''. Voting systems that fail the participation criterion exhibit the no-show paradox, where a voter is effectively disenfranchised by the electoral system because turning out to vote could make the result worse for them; such voters are sometimes referred to as having negative vote weights, particularly in the context of German constitutional law, where courts have ruled such a possibility violates the principle of one man, one vote. Positional methods and score voting satisfy the participation criterion. All deterministic voting rules that satisfy pairwise majority-rule can fail in situations involving four-way cyclic ties, though such scenarios are empirically rare, and the random ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
