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Confederação Operária Brasileira
The Brazilian Workers' Confederation (, COB) was the first national trade union center in Brazil, founded in 1908, under the basis of agreement of the First Brazilian Workers' Congress of 1906. Through its newspaper, ''A Voz do Trabalhador'', it allowed a certain coordination and exchange of information within the Brazilian worker movement at the national level. The COB was formed by national industry and craft federations, local and state unions, unions isolated in places where there were no federations and non-federated industries. During the first years of existence, the COB brought together about 50 unions, especially those organized in the Workers' Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FORJ), in the Workers' Federation of São Paulo (FOSP) and the Workers' Federation of Rio Grande do Sul (FORGS), which were the main support bases of the Confederation, and also those organized in the Bahia Socialist Federation (FSB), in the Local Workers' Federation of Santos (FOLTS), among others. COB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Trade Union Center
Organizers within trade unions have sought to increase the bargaining power of workers in regards to collective bargaining by acting in collaboration with other trade unions. Multi-union organizing can take place on an informal basis, or on a more formal basis via an umbrella organization comprising multiple trade unions. Such umbrella organizations may be referred to as a trade union federation, trade union confederation, or trade union centre. Background A prominent example of trade union federations is the national trade union federation— national trade union confederation or centre—which are composed of trade unions within a particular country. Most countries have a national trade union federation, with many countries having more than one. The largest national trade union federation is the All-China Federation of Trade Unions with a total membership of 302 million as of 2017. From 1935 to 1955 in the United States, there were two competing national trade union f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertiary Sector Of The Economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle). The others are the primary sector (raw materials) and the secondary sector (manufacturing). The tertiary sector consists of the provision of Service (economics), services instead of Product (business), end products. Services (also known as "Intangible good, intangible goods") include attention, advice, access, experience and affective labour. The tertiary sector involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as to final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution (economics), distribution and sale of goods from a producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaler, wholesaling and retailer, retailing, pest control or financial services. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, as happens in the restaurant industry. However, the focus is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juiz De Fora
Juiz de Fora (; ), also known as J.F., is a city in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, approximately from the state border with Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro. According to the 2022 census the current population is 540,756 inhabitants. The geographical area of the municipality is . The city's location was a key factor in its economic and demographic development since it is situated between the three most important financial and economic metropolises of Southeast Region, Brazil, southeast Brazil (and also the three largest urban sprawls of the country): Rio de Janeiro (), Belo Horizonte () and São Paulo (). Major highways connect Juiz de Fora with these three metropolitan areas, the most important being the BR 040 which connects Brasília with Rio de Janeiro via Belo Horizonte. The city is built on the Paraibuna River (Minas Gerais), Paraibuna, a major tributary of the Paraíba do Sul river. History The origins of Juiz de Fora can be traced back t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of the country, it is bordered to south and southwest by São Paulo (state), São Paulo; Mato Grosso do Sul to the west; Goiás and the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District to the northwest; Bahia to the north and northeast; Espírito Santo to the east; and Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro to the southeast. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Brazil, being the List of largest cities in Brazil#Top 115 most populous cities and state capitals, sixth most populous municipality in the country while its Greater Belo Horizonte, metropolitan area ranks as the List of metropolitan areas in Brazil, third largest in Brazil with just ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francesc Ferrer
Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (; January 14, 1859 – October 13, 1909), widely known as Francisco Ferrer (), was a Spanish radical freethinker, anarchist, and educationist behind a network of secular, private, libertarian schools in and around Barcelona. His execution, following a revolt in Barcelona, propelled Ferrer into martyrdom and grew an international movement of radicals and libertarians, who established schools in his model and promoted his schooling approach. Ferrer was raised on a farm near Barcelona, where he developed republican and anti-clerical convictions. As a train conductor, he transmitted messages for the republican leader Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, exiled in France. Following a failed republican uprising in 1885, Ferrer, too, moved to Paris with his family, where they stayed for 16 years. Ferrer began to explore anarchism and education. At the turn of the century, Ferrer had resolved to open a libertarian school modeled on Paul Robin's Prévost orphanage scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afonso Pena
Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena (30 November 1847 – 14 June 1909), often referred to as Afonso Pena, was a Brazilian lawyer, professor, and politician who served as the sixth president of Brazil, from 1906 until his death in 1909. Pena was 1906 Brazilian presidential election, elected in 1906, the chosen successor of president Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Rodrigues Alves. Pena was the first politician from Minas Gerais to win the presidency, ending the series of politicians from São Paulo (state), São Paulo who had held the presidency since 1894. Before his presidency, he served as the 4th Vice President of Brazil, vice president of Brazil, under Rodrigues Alves (1903–1906) after the death of Silviano Brandão. Pena was a Monarchism in Brazil, monarchist. He was the only member of Pedro II of Brazil, Emperor Pedro II's cabinet to become president of Brazil and the first Brazilian president to die in office. Pena was born in Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais, Santa Bárbara, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolfo Gordo Law
The Adolfo Gordo Law (Decree No. 1641/1907) was a measure to repress labor movements in São Paulo at the beginning of the 20th century. Among other provisions, it proposed the expulsion of foreigners involved in strikes with the objective of repressing anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist militants. It was suggested by Adolfo Gordo, a federal deputy from São Paulo, and approved in 1907. According to historian Claudio Batalha in his book ''O Movimento Operário na Primeira República'', under this law, 132 foreigners were expelled in the first year, a high number compared to the 556 expulsions between 1908 and 1921. Later, in 1919, came the Law on Accidents at Work, which guaranteed compensation for workers, laborers or apprentices in the event of injuries in services using machinery. In 1923, now as a senator, Gordo created another bill, also nicknamed the Adolfo Gordo Law, but with the aim of censoring the press; as a result, it earned the nickname "infamous law" in journalistic ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eight-hour Day
The eight-hour day movement (also known as the 40-hour week movement or the short-time movement) was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses of working time. The modern movement originated in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. At that time, the working day could range from 10 to 16 hours, the work week was typically six days, and child labour was common. Since the 19th century, the eight-hour workday has been gradually adopted in various countries and industries, with widespread adoption occurring in the first half of the 20th century. History Sixteenth century In 1594, Philip II of Spain established an eight-hour work day for the construction workers in the American Viceroyalties by a royal edict known as '' Ordenanzas de Felipe II'', or Ordinances of Philip II. This established: An exception was applied to mine workers, whose work day was limi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinto Machado
Henrique Pinto Machado (12 February 1926 – 21 January 2009) was a former Portuguese footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was most known for his short three-year spell at Benfica, where he won the Portuguese Cup. Career Born in Alfarelos, Pinto Machado joined Benfica in 1946, making his debut on 24 November in a match against Porto. He battled with Martins for the goalkeeper position, playing the majority of his 14 appearances in the Campeonato de Lisboa. In his second season, the newly arrived Rogério Contreiras quickly overtook him in the pecking order, and Machado only played 11 games. In his last year at Benfica, he split the league appearances evenly with Contreiras, with each making 13. Nonetheless, his single game in the Taça de Portugal on 8 May 1949, against Marítimo, was enough for him to gain honours for winning the cup. He left Benfica to represent Naval for two seasons, moving to Mozambique afterwards. Honours Benfica *Taça de Portugal The Taça de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reformism
Reformism is a political tendency advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political or religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution. Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can eventually lead to fundamental changes in a society's political and economic systems. Reformism as a political tendency and hypothesis of social change grew out of opposition to revolutionary socialism, which contends that revolutionary upheaval is a necessary precondition for the structural changes necessary to transform a capitalist system into a qualitatively different socialist system. Responding to a pejorative conception of reformism as non- transformational, philosopher André Gorz conceived non-reformist reform in 1987 to prioritize human needs over capitalist needs. As a political doctrine, centre-left reformism is distinguished from centre-right or pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Strike
A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches, boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses. Historically, the term general strike has referred primarily to solidarity action, which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on employers to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening the collective efficacy of strikes as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decentralization
Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it. Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, technology, economics and money. History The word "''centralisation''" came into use in France in 1794 as the post-French Revolution, Revolution French Directory leadership created a new government structure. The word "''décentralisation''" came into usage in the 1820s. "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s; mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s Alexis de Tocqueville, Tocqueville would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
