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Committee Of Union And Progress
The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; , French language, French: ''Union et Progrès'') was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 in the Ottoman Empire and in the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. The foremost faction of the Young Turks, the CUP instigated the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which ended absolute monarchy and began the Second Constitutional Era. After an ideological transformation, from 1913 to 1918, the CUP ruled the empire as a dictatorship and committed Genocides in history#Ottoman Empire/Turkey, genocides against the Armenian genocide, Armenian, Greek genocide, Greek, and Sayfo, Assyrian peoples as part of a broader policy of ethnic erasure during the late Ottoman period. The CUP and its members have often been referred to as "Young Turks", although the Young Turk movement produced List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire, other Ottoman political par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talaat Pasha
Mehmed Talât (1 September 187415 March 1921), commonly known as Talaat Pasha or Talat Pasha, was an Ottoman Young Turk activist, revolutionary, politician, and convicted war criminal who served as the leader of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1918. He was chairman of the Union and Progress Party, which operated a one-party dictatorship in the Empire; during World War I he became Grand Vizier (prime minister). He has been called the architect of the Armenian genocide, and was responsible for other ethnic cleansings during his time as Minister of Interior Affairs. Talaat was an early member of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), eventually leading its Salonica chapter during the Hamidian era. After the CUP succeeded in restoring the constitution and parliament in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, he was elected as a deputy from Adrianople to the Chamber of Deputies and later became Minister of the Interior. He played an important role in the downfall of Sultan Abdul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private university, private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark, New Jersey, Newark in 1747 and then to its Mercer County, New Jersey, Mercer County campus in Princeton nine years later. It officially became a university in 1896 and was subsequently renamed Princeton University. The university is governed by the Trustees of Princeton University and has an endowment of $37.7 billion, the largest List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment, endowment per student in the United States. Princeton provides undergraduate education, undergraduate and graduate education, graduate instruction in the hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genç Kalemler
''Genç Kalemler'' (Ottoman Turkish: ''Young Pens'') was an Ottoman literary and cultural magazine which was one of the earliest nationalist publications in the Ottoman Empire. Murat Belge describes it as a pan-Turkist publication. It was published between April 1911 and October 1912 in Thessaloniki, Ottoman Empire, and was the first Ottoman publication which called for having a national language. History and profile ''Genç Kalemler'' was first published on 11 April 1911 as a successor of ''Hüsn ve Şiir'', a literary and sociology magazine which was published in Thessaloniki in 1910. Its editor-in-chief was Nesimi Sarım who was the secretary of the Central Council of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). The founders of ''Genç Kalemler'' were the members of a national literary movement: Ziya Gökalp, Ömer Seyfettin and Ali Canip Yöntem. The magazine was financially and politically backed by the CUP. The major tenet of the magazine was to implement the language re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Türk (magazine)
''Türk'' was one of the publications published by Ali Kemal, a member of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It was based in Cairo and existed between 1903 and 1907. History and profile ''Türk'' was established by Ali Kemal, a CUP member living in Cairo. Its first issue appeared on 5 November that year. Ali Kemal also edited the magazine which was headquartered in Cairo and came out weekly. It had a nationalist political stance and opposed the rule of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Its goals were to secure the rights of the Turks, to revive Turkish ideals and to advocate Turkish nationalism as an ideology. Notable contributors of ''Türk'' included Serafeddin Mağmumi, Necmeddin Arif, Esad Bey, and Celaleddin Bey. Yusuf Akçura's article entitled ''Üç Tarz-ı Siyaset'' (Ottoman Turkish: Three political systems) was serialized in the magazine from 24th to 26th issues between April and May 1904. He argued that the Ottomanism, Islamism Islamism is a range of re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Şûrâ-yı Ümmet
''Şûrâ-yı Ümmet'' (Ottoman Turkish: ''Council of the slamicCommunity'') was one of the official media outlets of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). The magazine existed between 1902 and 1910. It was one of the most influential publications of the CUP members and played a significant role in the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. History and profile The establishment of ''Şûrâ-yı Ümmet'' was decided in the meeting of the CUP members in Paris in February 1902. Its title was given by Hoca Kadri Efendi, and it was first published as a biweekly magazine on 10 April that year. The founders were part of the CUP faction led by Ahmet Rıza. But, other factions of the organization also contributed to the establishment of the magazine. They adopted an inclusive Ottomanist approach in opposition to nationalist approach which was represented by another CUP group who started '' Türk'' magazine in Cairo. They also supported the idea that Anatolia was the motherland of Turks. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Association For Defence Of National Rights
Associations for Defence of National Rights () were regional resistance organisations established in the Ottoman Empire between 1918 and 1919 that pledged themselves to the Defence of National Rights movement. They would eventually unite into the Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia in the Sivas Congress. Background Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, the Ottoman army was disarmed according to the Armistice of Mudros. Although the Ottoman Empire had to agree to give up vast areas including most of Middle East, the Allies further retained the power of controlling what was left of the Ottoman Empire, namely Anatolia. It soon became clear that the Allies were planning to allocate parts of Turkey to Armenia and Greece. Parenthetically, southern Anatolia was to be put under French and Italian spheres of influence. The national associations The first association was founded in Izmir by Muslims to protest the possible annexation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renewal Party (Ottoman Empire)
The Renewal Party () was a short-lived Ottoman political party. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the World War I, the leaders of the governing party (CUP) fled the Ottoman Empire. During the party's last congress held on 1–5 November 1918, the remaining party members decided to abolish the party, which was severely criticized by the public because of the defeat. However, they also decided to form a new party with a different name. The Renewal Party was founded on 11 November 1918. The assets of the Union and Progress Party were transferred to the new party. The party chairman became Hüsnü Pasha, a member of the Ottoman Senate. Although the party lost its former executive power after the war, it was briefly the majority group in the parliament. But on 21 December 1918, the sultan abolished the parliament. Although the party continued, on 5 May 1919 it was disbanded by the government. Some members of the party like Hamit Hasancan and Mehmet Şeref Aykut joine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Liberal People's Party
Ottoman Liberal People's Party () was a political party founded during the Armistice period under the leadership of Ali Fethi Bey by state officials and politicians who resigned from the Union and Progress Party following its 1918 congress. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was one of its prominent supporters. Intraparty opposition On September 30, 1918, the Committee of Union and Progress convened under the chairmanship of Talaat Pasha. Speaking at this meeting, Ali Fethi Bey said the following: This speech caused the opposition within the party to rally around Ali Fethi Bey and laid the foundations of a new party. At the October 10, 1918 parliamentary meeting, Ali Fethi Bey broke away from the party by running for the chairmanship of the Chamber of Deputies despite the party's decision on Halil Bey, and although he lost in this vote, he received 53 votes. Foundation Liberal People's Party was founded under the leadership of Ali Fethi Bey by civil servants who left the Union and Progr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican People's Party
The Republican People's Party (RPP; , CHP ) is a Kemalism, Kemalist and Social democracy, social democratic political party in Turkey. It is the oldest List of political parties in Turkey, political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the List of presidents of Turkey, first president and founder of the modern Turkey, Republic of Türkiye. The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey. Its logo consists of the The Six Arrows, Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, reformism, Secularism in Turkey, laicism, populism, nationalism, and statism. It is currently the second largest party in Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Grand National Assembly with 135 MPs, behind the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development Party (AKP). The political party has its origins in the various Association for Defence of National Rights, resistance groups founded during the Turkish W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics of Turkey, population of Turkey. Istanbul is among the List of European cities by population within city limits, largest cities in Europe and List of cities proper by population, in the world by population. It is a city on two continents; about two-thirds of its population live in Europe and the rest in Asia. Istanbul straddles the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its area of is coterminous with Istanbul Province. Istanbul's climate is Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean. The city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. Byzantium was founded on the Sarayburnu promontory by Greek colonisation, Greek col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the Forced conversion, forced Islamization of others, primarily women and children. Before World War I, Armenians occupied a somewhat protected, but subordinate, place in Ottoman society. Large-scale massacres of Armenians had occurred Hamidian massacres, in the 1890s and Adana massacre, 1909. The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial losses—especially during the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars—leading to fear among CUP leaders that the Armenians would seek independence. During their invasion of Caucasus campaign, Russian and Persian campaign (World War I), Persian territory in 1914, Special Organization (Ottoman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
