|
Chilean Escudo
The escudo was the currency of Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ... between 1960 and 1975, divided into 100 ''centésimos''. It replaced the (old) peso at a rate of 1 escudo = 1000 pesos and was itself replaced by a new peso, at a rate of 1 peso = 1000 escudos. The symbol Eº was used for the escudo. History Through Law 13,305, published on April 6, 1959, the escudo entered into circulation on January 1, 1960, replacing the old peso. Its equivalence was Eº 1 = $1000 (pesos). The escudo was subdivided into ''centésimos''. As the old banknotes had to be replaced, the Central Bank took the provisional measure of authorizing the overstamping of the existing banknotes of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 50,000 pesos. They had printed in red ink, in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chilean Peso (1817–1960)
The Chilean peso (symbol: $) was the legal tender of Chile from 1817 until 1960, when it was replaced by the escudo, a currency that was itself replaced in 1975 by a new peso. It was established in 1817, together with the country's independence, and in 1851 the decimal system was established in the peso, which was made up of 100 centavos. It remained legal tender in Chile until 1 January 1960, when it was replaced by the escudo. It was manufactured by the Mint of Chile (1743) and regulated by the Central Bank of Chile (1925), in charge of controlling the amount of money in circulation. History Although the adoption of the peso to replace the colonial real dates back to 1817, with the beginning of the New Fatherland period, the Spanish currency system continued to be used, in which 8 reales were equal to 1 peso and 16 reales to 1 escudo. In 1835, copper coins denominated in centavos were introduced, but it was not until 1851 that the real and escudo denominations ceased to be is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santiago De Chile
Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital city, capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's Chilean Central Valley, central valley and is the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of seven million, representing 40% of Chile's total population. Most of the city is situated between above mean sea level, above sea level. Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago has served as the capital city of Chile since colonial times. The city features a downtown core characterized by 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side streets with a mix of Art Deco, Gothic Revival, and other styles. Santiago's cityscape is defined by several Inselberg, standalone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River, which is lined by parks such as Parque Bicentenario, Parque Forestal, and Parque de la Familia. The Andes, Andes Mountains are visibl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Obsolete Currencies
Modern may refer to: History *Modern history ** Early Modern period ** Late Modern period *** 18th century *** 19th century *** 20th century ** Contemporary history * Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century Philosophy and sociology * Modernity, a loosely defined concept delineating a number of societal, economic and ideological features that contrast with "pre-modern" times or societies ** Late modernity Art * Modernism ** Modernist poetry * Modern art, a form of art * Modern dance, a dance form developed in the early 20th century * Modern architecture, a broad movement and period in architectural history ** Moderne, multiple architectural styles ** Modernisme a.k.a. Catalan Modernism * Modern music (other) Geography *Modra, a Slovak city, referred to in the German language as "Modern" Typography * Modern (typeface), a raster font packaged with Windows XP * Another name for the typeface classification known as Didone (typography) * Modern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic History Of Chile
The economy of Chile has shifted substantially over time from the heterogeneous economies of the diverse Indigenous peoples in Chile, indigenous peoples to an early husbandry-oriented economy and finally to one of raw material export and a large service sector. Chile's recent economic history (since 1973) has been the focus of an extensive debate, as it pioneered neoliberalism, neoliberal economic policies. Chile emerged into independence as a rural economy on what was the periphery of the Spanish Empire. A period of relative free trade that began with independence in the 1810s brought a modernizing development of certain sectors of the Chilean economy. This was accompanied by formation of a local business class, a novelty in Chile. Chile experienced its first modern economic crisis with the Long depression in the 1870s. Historically, the Chilean economy has relied on natural resources (nitrate, copper mining in Chile, copper, coal mining in Chile, coal, Chilean silver rush, sil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrera Family
The Carrera family from Alegría de Oria ( Basque Country) became politically influential during the colonial period and played a significant role in the Chilean independence. They remained politically important throughout the 19th century. Genealogy * María Nicolasa de Valdés y de la Carrera (1733–1810), first First Lady of Chile * Ignacio de la Carrera (1747–1819), member of Chile's first ruling junta in 1810. The children of Ignacio de la Carrera are known in Chilean history as the ''Hermanos Carrera'' (Carrera siblings). All except Javiera were military commanders in the fight against Spanish reconquest: * Javiera Carrera (1771–1862), "Mother" of Chile, who sewed its first flag * Brigadier Juan José Carrera (1782–1818), independentist hero * General José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821), independentist leader, who governed Chile during its first period of independence, the ''Patria Vieja''. * Colonel Luis Carrera (1791–1818), independentist hero Other de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chuquicamata
Chuquicamata ( ; referred to as Chuqui for short) is the largest open-pit mining, open pit copper Mining, mine in terms of excavated volume in the world. It is located in the north of Chile, just outside Calama, Chile, Calama, at above sea level. It is northeast of Antofagasta and north of the capital, Santiago, Chile, Santiago. Flotation and smelting facilities were installed in 1952, and expansion of the refining facilities in 1968 made 500,000 tons annual copper production possible in the late 1970s. Previously part of Anaconda Copper, the mine is now owned and operated by Codelco, a Chilean state enterprise, since the Chilean nationalization of copper in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its depth of makes it the second deepest open-pit mine in the world, after Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States. Etymology There are several versions of the meaning of ''Chuquicamata''. The most widely known seems to be that it means the limit (camata) of the land of the Chuqui. Yet the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miner
A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, chalk, clay, or other minerals from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used. In its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face (mining), face; cutting, blasting, or otherwise working and removing the rock. In a broader sense, a "miner" is anyone working within a mine, not just a worker at the rock face. Renowned as one of the most dangerous jobs in the world - and for good reason. Cave-in, Cave-ins, Explosion, explosions, Firedamp, toxic air, and extreme temperatures are some of the most perilous Mining accident, hazards observed to take place in underground mining, as well as the Health and environmental impact of the coal industry, overall long-term health effects of underground mining conditions. In some countries, miners lack social guarantees and in case of injury may be left to cope without assistance. In regions with a long mining tradition, many communities have developed cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Somerscales
Thomas Jacques Somerscales (born in Sculcoates, Yorkshire on 29 October 1842; died in Sculcoates, Yorkshire on 27 June 1927) was an English teacher, sailor, and landscape and marine painter. He is also considered a Chilean painter as he began his career as an artist there. Many of his landscapes evoke the region and many of his marine paintings feature notable events in Chilean naval history and have become patriotic national icons in that country. Life and career His father was a shipmaster, who sketched, and his uncle was an amateur painter. However he had no formal training as an artist and originally became a teacher in the Royal Navy. He joined the Royal Navy in 1863 as a schoolmaster, and served mostly in the Pacific, firstly on HMS HMS Cumberland (1842), Cumberland for six years, then the corvette HMS HMS Clio (1858), Clio and finally HMS HMS Zealous (1864), Zealous, flagship of the Pacific Station. Having caught a fever in Tahiti, he was subsequently invalided ashore at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberating Expedition Of Peru
The Liberating Expedition of Peru () was a naval and land military force created in 1820 by the government of Chile in continuation of the plan of the Argentine General José de San Martín to achieve the independence of Peru, and thus consolidate the independence of all former Spanish-American colonies. It was vital to defeat the Viceroyalty of Peru—the center of royalist power in South America—from where royalist expeditions were sent to reconquer the territories lost to the independence fighters. Following the independence of Chile, achieved at the Battle of Maipú, General San Martín determined to achieve the independence of Peru. Accordingly, on February 5, 1819, a treaty was signed between the new Republic of Chile and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. The treaty was to create an amphibious, naval, and land military expeditionary force promoted by the government of Chile, with the mission of making Peru independent of the Spanish Empire and consolidating bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuel Rengifo
Manuel Rengifo Cardenas (December 31, 1793 – March 16, 1845) was a Chilean politician. Early life He was son of Francisco Javier Rengifo and Ana Josefa Cardenas Vial. At 15 years old, he supported his mother and siblings. After the disaster of the Battle of Rancagua (1814) he migrated to Mendoza, Argentina. Ruined several times for bad business, their economic situation improved in Santiago organizing the famous Coffee of the Union. Marriage and children Manuel Rengifo was first married to Dolores Vial Formas (parents Manuel Vial), a widower marries Rosario Vial Formas, both daughters of Agustín Vial Santelices. Public life On June 19, 1830, he was named finance minister in the administration of Don José Tomás Ovalle. In this position it fit to make an immense task. The country was in the scariest economic deficit when he took over the ministry. One of the most remarkable works of Rengifo, as finance minister, he was the tax and customs reform. Together with it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arturo Alessandri Palma
Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma (; December 20, 1868 – August 24, 1950) was a Chilean political figure and reformer who served thrice as president of Chile, first from 1920 to 1924, then from March to October 1925, and finally from 1932 to 1938. He was a member of the Liberal Party. Early life Arturo Alessandri was the son of Pedro Alessandri Vargas and Susana Palma Guzmán. His grandfather, Pietro Allesandri Tarzi, was an Italian immigrant from Tuscany who had arrived in Chile from Argentina in 1850. Alessandri’s father, Pedro, became head of the family at the age of 19; at the time of Alessandri’s birth, he ran an estate in Longaví. At the age of 12, Alessandri enrolled at the Sacred Hearts High School, where his brothers and father had studied. At the age of 20, Alessandri began his legal studies at the University of Chile.'' The International Who's Who 1943-44''. 8th edition. George Allen & Unwin, London, 1943, p. 11. In 1891, while studying, he participated i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Maipú
The Battle of Maipú () was fought near Santiago, Chile on 5 April 1818, between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence. The Patriot rebels led by Argentine general José de San Martín effectively destroyed the Spanish forces commanded by General Mariano Osorio, and completed the independence of the core area of Chile from Spanish domination. Background In 1817, the Argentine General José de San Martín led an army across the Andes and defeated the Spanish in the battle of Chacabuco and captured Santiago. The Spanish viceroyalty sent a Spanish army to Santiago under General Mariano Osorio, which defeated San Martín at the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada. The drive for independence never diminished, however, and the following year San Martín launched a final offensive, which was to decide the outcome of the war. Despite being defeated at Cancha Rayada, the Patriot army regrouped again in less than two days, adding up to about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
