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Capture Of Tortuga
The capture of Tortuga was a Spanish expedition to the island of Tortuga in January 1635 intended to remove French and English settlers from the island during the Franco-Spanish War. During the early 17th century, English and French colonists settled on Tortuga, engaging in logwood harvesting and piracy. In 1630, 150 English settlers from Saint Kitts established a settlement linked to the Providence Island colony, which appointed Christopher Wormeley as governor in 1634. The Spanish, alerted to Tortuga's weak defences by Irish defectors, set a 250-strong expedition in late January 1635 which captured and destroyed all French and English settlements on the island, forcing their survivors to flee. Spanish forces summarily executed hundreds of captives during the engagement. Wormeley was later banished for his failure, and Tortuga evolved into a pirate stronghold after the departure of the Providence Island's plantation-oriented oversight. Background English, French and D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
The Franco-Spanish War , May 1635 to November 1659, was fought between Kingdom of France, France and Habsburg Spain, Spain, each supported by various allies at different points. The first phase, beginning in May 1635 and ending with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, is considered a related conflict of the Thirty Years' War. The second continued until 1659, when France and Spain agreed to peace terms in the Treaty of the Pyrenees. Major areas of conflict included northern Italy, the Spanish Netherlands and the Rhineland. France supported revolts against Spanish rule in Portuguese Restoration War, Portugal (1640–1668), Reapers' War, Catalonia (1640–1653) and Neapolitan Revolt of 1647, Naples (1647), while Spain backed French rebels in the 1647 to 1653 civil war or "Fronde". Both also backed opposing sides in the 1639 to 1642 Piedmontese Civil War. Prior to May 1635, France provided significant support to Habsburg opponents such as the Dutch Republic and Swedish Empire, Sweden, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vecino
'Vecino' means either " neighbour" or resident in modern Spanish. Historically in the Spanish Empire it referred instead to a householder of considerable social position in a town or a city, and was similar to "freeman" or "freeholder." Historical use In the Spanish Empire, a ' was a person who had a house and home in a town or city and contributed to its expenses, not necessarily living nearby; or a local figure of some worth but not an aristocrat, often the '' encomendero'' holding land in the surrounding countryside with a house within a nearby city. A person with a house in a place that he contributes to can be a ' without living there. " n Americavecindad became a social construction ... that granted rights. The gap between Spanish vecinos and ... outsiders widened." In the Empire the term implied a certain social status, with a meaning similar to "freeman" or "freeholder". In 17th century Seville, a ' was a person who had received citizenship (') from the city, and had c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Curaçao
The history of Curaçao starts with settlement by the Arawaks, an Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Amerindian people coming from the South American mainland. They are believed to have inhabited the island for many hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans. Pre-colonial history The earliest trace of human habitation on Curaçao can be found in Rooi Rincon. It consists in a natural overhang in the rocks used by aceramic, preceramic residents. The remains that have been found consist of waste heaps of shell, animal bone material and stone. The objects are made of stone and shell, which can be used for different purposes. There are also rock paintings here. The dating of these oldest remains of Curaçao is between about 2900 and 2300 BCE. Similar remains and human graves are known from Sint Michielsberg, c. 2000 to 1600 BCE. However, a recent study on charcoal material at the site of Saliña Sint Marie points towards human activity taking place as early as c. 3700 BCE. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colonial Venezuela
Spanish expeditions led by Christopher Columbus, Columbus and Alonso de Ojeda reached the coast of present-day Venezuela in 1498 and 1499. The first colony, colonial exploitation was of the pearl oysters of the "Pearl Islands". Spain established its first permanent South American settlement in the present-day city of Cumaná in 1502, and in 1577 Caracas became the capital of the Province of Venezuela. There was also for a few years a German colony at Klein-Venedig. The 16th- and 17th-century colonial economy was centered on gold mining and livestock farming. The relatively small number of colonists employed indigenous farmers on their ''haciendas'', and slavery, enslaved other indigenous people and, later, Africans to work in the mines. The Venezuelan territories were governed at different times from the distant capitals of the Viceroyalties of Viceroyalty of New Spain, New Spain and Viceroyalty of Peru, Peru. In the 18th century, Theobroma cacao, cocoa plantations grew up along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brethren Of The Coast
The Brethren or Brethren of the Coast were a loose coalition of pirates and buccaneers that were active in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. They mostly operated in two locations, the island of Tortuga off the coast of Haiti and in the city of Port Royal on the island of Jamaica. The Brethren were a syndicate of captains with letters of marque and reprisal who regulated their privateering enterprises within the community of privateers and with their outside benefactors. They were primarily private individual merchant mariners of Protestant background, usually of English and French origin. History They were originally refugees who settled in Hispaniola, mostly French Huguenots and British Protestants. They would supply wares to visiting ships in exchange for guns and ammunition, an activity which led to the Spanish driving them out. These former refugees lived in something akin to a republic. Despite their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Colonial Real
The silver real () was the currency of the Spanish colonies in America and the Philippines. In the seventeenth century the silver real was established at two billon reales (''reales de vellón'') or sixty-eight '' maravedíes''. Gold '' escudos'' (worth 16 reales) were also issued. The coins circulated throughout Spain's colonies and beyond, with the eight-real piece, known in English as the Spanish dollar, becoming an international standard and spawning, among other currencies, the United States dollar. A reform in 1737 set the silver real at two and half billon reales (reales de vellón) or eighty-five maravedís. This coin, called the ''real de plata fuerte'', became the new standard, issued as coins until the early 19th century. The gold escudo was worth 16 ''reales de plata fuerte''. History Coins were produced at mints in Bogotá, Caracas, Guatemala City, Lima, Mexico City, Popayán, Potosí, Santo Domingo and Santiago. For details, see the: * Colombian reales * Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
York County, Virginia
York County (formerly Charles River County) is a List of cities and counties in Virginia#List of counties, county in the eastern part of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Virginia, located in the Tidewater (region), Tidewater. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 70,045. The county seat is the unincorporated town of Yorktown, Virginia, Yorktown. Located on the north side of the Virginia Peninsula, with the York River (Virginia), York River as its northern border, York County is included in the Virginia Beach, Virginia, Virginia Beach–Norfolk, Virginia, Norfolk–Newport News, Virginia, Newport News, VA–North Carolina, NC Hampton Roads, Metropolitan Statistical Area. York County contains many tributaries of the York River. It shares land borders with the independent cities of Williamsburg, Virginia, Williamsburg, Newport News, Virginia, Newport News, Hampton, Virginia, Hampton, and Poquoson, Virginia, Poquoson, as well as James City County, Vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geography Of Haiti
The Haiti, Republic of Haiti comprises the western three-eighths of the island of Hispaniola, west of the Dominican Republic. Haiti is positioned east of the neighboring island of Cuba, between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. Haiti's total area is , of which is land and is water. Haiti has of coastline and a -border with the Dominican Republic. Climate The climate is tropical with some variation depending on altitude. Port-au-Prince ranges in January from an average minimum of to an average maximum of ; in July, from . The rainfall pattern is varied, with rain heavier in some of the lowlands and on the northern and eastern slopes of the mountains. Port-au-Prince receives an average annual rainfall of . There are two rainy seasons, April–June and October–November. Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation in Haiti, deforestation. Atlantic hurricanes are also a menace. For example, Hurricane Matthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
