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Caddo
The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language. The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who historically inhabited much of what is now northeast Texas, western Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma. Prior to European contact, they were the Caddoan Mississippian culture, who constructed huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory, flourishing about 800 to 1400 CE. In the early 19th century, Caddo people were forced to a Indian reservation, reservation in Texas. In 1859, they were removed to Indian Territory. Government and civic institutions The Caddo Nation of Oklahoma was previously known as the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma. The tribal constitution provides for election of an eight-person council, with a chairperson. Some 6,000 people are enrolled in the nation, with 3,044 living in Oklahoma. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caddo Language
Caddo (endonym: , ) is a Caddoan language indigenous to the Southern United States and the traditional language of the Caddo, Caddo Nation. It is critically endangered, with no exclusively Caddo-speaking community and as of 2023 only two speakers who had acquired the language as children outside school instruction, down from 25 speakers in 1997. Caddo has several Mutual intelligibility, mutually-intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects are Hasinai and Hainai; others include Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi. Linguistic connections Caddo is a member of the Caddoan languages, Caddoan language family; this family includes the Pawnee-Kitsai (Keechi) languages (Arikara language, Arikara, Kitsai language, Kitsai, and Pawnee language, Pawnee) and the Wichita language, Wichita language. Kitsai and Wichita are now extinct, and Pawnee and Arikara each have fewer surviving speakers than Caddo does. Another language, Adai people, Adai, is postulated to have been a Caddoan l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas
Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and has Mexico-United States border, an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest. Texas has Texas Gulf Coast, a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Covering and with over 31 million residents as of 2024, it is the second-largest state List of U.S. states and territories by area, by area and List of U.S. states and territories by population, population. Texas is nicknamed the ''Lone Star State'' for its former status as the independent Republic of Texas. Spain was the first European country to Spanish Texas, claim and control Texas. Following French colonization of Texas, a short-lived colony controlled by France, Mexico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louisiana
Louisiana ( ; ; ) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It borders Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, and Mississippi to the east. Of the 50 U.S. states, it ranks 31st in area and 25th in population, with roughly 4.6 million residents. Reflecting its French heritage, Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other being Alaska and its boroughs). Baton Rouge is the state's capital, and New Orleans, a French Louisiana region, is its most populous city with a population of about 363,000 people. Louisiana has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the south; a large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natchitoches (tribe)
The Natchitoches ( ; Caddo: ) are a Native American tribe from northwestern Louisiana and Texas. They organized themselves in one of the three Caddo-speaking confederacies along with the Hasinai (between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas), and Kadohadacho (at the borders of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana). History Natchitoches territory was along the Red River of the South in northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana, they were important allies of the French in the 17th and 18th centuries, played a major role in the subjugation of the Natchez in the Natchez uprising and the so-called Natchez wars. In the early 17th century, the Natchitoches were joined by some of the remnants of the Kadohadacho, a tribe with many members who had been killed or enslaved by the Chickasaw. They settled on the Cane River around present-day Natchitoches, Louisiana, which is a city named after the tribe. Name Many historians have claimed that the name ''Natchitoche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tula Tribe
The Tula were a Native American group that lived in what is now western Arkansas.Sturtevant, 617 The Tula are known to history only from the chronicles of Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's exploits in the interior of North America. History The Tula were possibly a Caddoan people, but this is not certain. Based on the descriptions of the various chroniclers, "Tula Province", or their homeland, may have been at the headwaters of the Ouachita, Caddo, Little Missouri, Saline, and Cossatot Rivers in Arkansas.Swanton, 29 They may have lived along the Arkansas River in western Arkansas. They are also thought to have lived in the northern Ouachita Mountains in the Petit Jean and Fourche valleys.Perttula, 23 De Soto entered Tula territory on September 30, 1541, near present-day Fort Smith, Arkansas and violently clashed with the tribe multiple times during the beginning of October 1541. His secretary, Rodrigo Ranjel described the Tula as, "the best fighting people that the Chr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasinai
The Hasinai Confederacy (Caddo: ) was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans who occupied territory between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas. Today, their descendants are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Natchitoches Tribe of Louisiana. Name The name ''Hasinai'' means "our own people" in Caddoan. The Spanish knew the Hasinai as the ''Tejas'' or ''Texas'', from a form of greeting meaning "friend", which gave the state of Texas its name. Variants of ''Hasinai'' include: ''Hasini'', ''Asenai'', ''Asinai'', ''Assoni'', ''Asenay'', ''Cenis'', ''Senis'', ''Sannaye'', ''Asinaiz'', ''Asinayes'', ''Assinais'', ''Azinais'', ''Azinays''. Government When the Spanish and the French encountered the Hasinai in the 1680s, they were a centrally organized chiefdom under the control of a religious leader, known as the Grand Xinesi. He lived in a secluded house and met with a council of elders. The chieftainship consisted of several subdivisions, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eyeish
The Eyeish were a Native American tribe from present-day eastern Texas. History The Eyeish were part of the Caddo Confederacy,Sturtevant, 616 although their relationship to other Caddo tribes was ambiguous, and they were often hostile to the Hasinai. They historically lived on the Eyeish Creek, located between the Neches and Sabine Rivers.Eyeish Indian History. ''Access Genealogy''. (retrieved 6 Sept 2009) Spanish explorers encountered the tribe in 1542 and reported large herds of buffalo in the area. The tribe was not on the best terms with tribes located west of the Trinity River or those to the north near the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pawnee People
The Pawnee, also known by their endonym (which translates to "Men of Men"), are an Plains Indians, Indigenous people of the Great Plains that historically lived in Nebraska and northern Kansas but today are based in Oklahoma. They are the federally recognized Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, who are headquartered in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Their Pawnee language belongs to the Caddoan language family. Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of earth lodges near the Loup River, Loup, Republican River, Republican, and Platte River, South Platte rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting American bison, buffalo. In the early 18th century, the Pawnee numbered more than 60,000 people. They lived along the Loup () and Platte () river areas for centuries; however, several tribes from the Great Lakes began moving onto the Great Plains and encroaching on Pawnee territory, including the Dakota people, Dakota, Lakota people, La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adai (Native American Culture)
The Adai were a Native American people of northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas. They were an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands and part of the Caddo Confederacy. Name The name ''Adai'' derives from the Caddo word ''hadai'' meaning 'brushwood'.Thomas N. Campbell, "Haqui Indians," Handbook of Texas Onlinebr> accessed July 12, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville called them the Natao. Adai's name has also been written Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos, and Nadais. Language The extinct Adai language was once thought to be Caddoan,Donald Ricky, ''Encyclopedia of Texas Indians'', 91. but may be a language isolate and remains unclassified because of a lack of attestation. John Sibley wrote that the Adai language "differs from all others, and is so difficult to speak or understand that no nation can speak ten words of it." A list of approximately 250 words in Adai was rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kadohadacho
The Kadohadacho (Caddo: Kadawdáachuh) are a Native American tribe within the Caddo Confederacy. Today they are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. History The Kadohadacho traditionally lived at the borders of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. They cultivated crops, such as corn, beans, squash, and pecans, and manufactured bows and pottery for trade.Meredith, Howard"Caddo (Kadohadacho)." ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.'' (retrieved 6 September 2009) Traveling parties of Kadohadacho encountered the Hernando De Soto expedition in 1541, but the Spaniards did not enter their territory. In 1687, the tribe welcomed the survivors of the La Salle expedition into their villages in Texas. From that point onward, the Kadohadacho maintained friendly relations with the French. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yatasi
The Yatasi ( Caddo: Yáttasih) were Native American peoples from northwestern Louisiana that were part of the Natchitoches Confederacy of the Caddo Nation.HodgeHandbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z p. 993 Today they are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. History Before European contact, the Yatasi lived in the area south of modern Shreveport.Kniffen et al, p. 47 17th century In 1686, French explorer Henry de Tonti visited Yatasi settlements on the Red River. He wrote about them in 1690. They welcomed the French expedition but did not provide him with guides. At the time, the Yatasi were fighting the Kadohadacho. 18th century The Yatasi allied with French colonists in 1701. In the early 18th century, the Chickasaw tribe fought with Yatasi and killed a great number of them. With their numbers reduced, they joined the Ouachita, Doustioni, and Natchitoches Indians at the Natchitoches trading depot.Perttula, 218 In 1712 to 1714, French-Canadian colonis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hainai
The Hainai (Caddo: Háynay) were a Native American tribe that lived in what is now east Texas. Nomenclature The Hainai are also sometimes called Ainais, Aes, Ainay, Ais, Aix, Aynais, Aynays, Ays, Ayses, Ioni, Huawni, or Ayonai. History The Hainai were the leading group in the Hasinai confederacy. They were a part of the Caddo Nation, and traditionally lived on the Neches and Angelina rivers to the west of present-day Nacogdoches. In 1805, the group was reported to consist of 80 warriors by Dr. John Sibley, the Indian agent of the United States at Natchitoches, Louisiana. In 1837 the Republic of Texas makes reference to the Hainai in connection with Yowani Choctaws living on Attoyac Bayou in what is now southeastern Rusk County, Texas. Part of this group was later associated with a Native community in east Texas known as thMount Tabor Indian Community The historian Mooney also noted the Yowani as a part of the Caddo Confederacy. The direct connection, aside from Texas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
