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CXDI
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) a computational microscopy method that reconstructs images from coherent diffraction patterns without the use of lenses. It was first experimentally demonstrated in 1999 by Miao and collaborators using synchrotron X-rays and iterative phase retrieval. CDI has been applied to image structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highly coherent beam of X-rays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object. The beam scattered by the object produces a diffraction pattern downstream which is then collected by a detector. This recorded pattern is then used to reconstruct an image via an iterative feedback algorithm. Effectively, the objective lens in a typical microscope is replaced with software to convert from the reciprocal space diffraction pattern into a real space image. The advantage in using no lenses is that the final image is aberration� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDI Methods
CDI, CDi, CD-i, or .cdi may refer to: Businesses and organizations Government and political organizations *Center for Defense Information, a Washington, D.C. think tank founded in 1972 *Center for Digital Inclusion, originally "Comitê para Democratização da Informática", a non-governmental organization in Brazil *Centrist Democrat International, formerly the Christian Democrat International, a political international formed in 1961 *China Development Institute, a Shenzhen, China think tank founded in 1989 *Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, Mexico's National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples *California Department of Insurance, The State of California insurance regulation department Schools and colleges *CDI College, a for-profit college in Canada *Collège des Ingénieurs, educational institution in France, Germany and Italy *Control Data Institute, an international technical vocational school created by the American Control D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modulus Squared
In mathematics, a square is the result of multiplying a number by itself. The verb "to square" is used to denote this operation. Squaring is the same as raising to the power 2, and is denoted by a superscript 2; for instance, the square of 3 may be written as 32, which is the number 9. In some cases when superscripts are not available, as for instance in programming languages or plain text files, the notations ''x''^2 (caret) or ''x''**2 may be used in place of ''x''2. The adjective which corresponds to squaring is '' quadratic''. The square of an integer may also be called a ''square number'' or a ''perfect square''. In algebra, the operation of squaring is often generalized to polynomials, other expressions, or values in systems of mathematical values other than the numbers. For instance, the square of the linear polynomial is the quadratic polynomial . One of the important properties of squaring, for numbers as well as in many other mathematical systems, is that (for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microscopes
A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to describe the method an instrument uses to interact with a sample and produce images, either by sending a beam of light or electrons through a sample in its optical path, by detecting photon emissions from a sample, or by scanning across and a short distance from the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses lenses to refract visible light that passed through a thinly sectioned sample to produce an observable image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, electron microscope (both the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Materials Science
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials. Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools for its study. Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material (''processing'') influences its struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The strength of the magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being ''synchronized'' to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts to enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. The most powerful modern particle accelerators use versions of the synchrotron design. The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest particle accelerator in the world, is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, completed in 2008 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It can accelerate beams of protons to an energy of 7 electron volt, teraelectro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Physics
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of ''surface chemistry'' and '' surface physics''. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces. History The field of surface chemistry started with heterogeneous catalysis pioneered by Paul Sabatier on hydrogenation and Fritz Haber on the Haber process. Irvin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. Nanotechnology defined by scale includes fields of science such as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage, engineering, microfabrication, and molecular engineering. The associated rese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Materials Analysis Methods
This is a list of analysis methods used in materials science. Analysis methods are listed by their acronym, if one exists. Symbols * μSR – see muon spin spectroscopy * χ – see magnetic susceptibility A * AAS – Atomic absorption spectroscopy * AED – Auger electron diffraction * AES – Auger electron spectroscopy * AFM – Atomic force microscopy * AFS – Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy * Analytical ultracentrifugation * APFIM – Atom probe field ion microscopy * APS – Appearance potential spectroscopy * ARPES – Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy * ARUPS – Angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy * ATR – Attenuated total reflectance B * BET – BET surface area measurement (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) * BiFC – Bimolecular fluorescence complementation * BKD – Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSD * BRET – Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer * BSED – Back scattered electron diffraction, see E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
X-ray Diffraction Computed Tomography
X-ray diffraction computed tomography is an experimental technique that combines X-ray diffraction with the computed tomography data acquisition approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD) computed tomography (CT) was first introduced in 1987 by Harding et al. using a laboratory diffractometer and a monochromatic X-ray pencil beam. The first implementation of the technique at synchrotron facilities was performed in 1998 by Kleuker ''et al.'' X-ray diffraction computed tomography can be divided into two main categories depending on how the XRD data are being treated, specifically the XRD data can be treated either as powder diffraction or single crystal diffraction data and this depends on the sample properties. If the sample contains small and randomly oriented crystals, then it generates smooth powder diffraction "rings" when using a 2D area detector. If the sample contains large crystals, then it generates "spotty" 2D diffraction patterns. The latter can be performed using also a letterbo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffraction
Diffraction is the deviation of waves from straight-line propagation without any change in their energy due to an obstacle or through an aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of the Wave propagation, propagating wave. Diffraction is the same physical effect as Wave interference, interference, but interference is typically applied to superposition of a few waves and the term diffraction is used when many waves are superposed. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word ''diffraction'' and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660 in science, 1660. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical wavelets. The characteristic pattern is most pronounced when a wave from a Coherence (physics), coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ptychography
Ptychography (/t(a)ɪˈkɒgrəfi/ t(a)i-KO-graf-ee) is a computational microscopy method and a major advance of Coherent diffraction imaging, coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), which was first experimentally demonstrated in 1999 using synchrotron X-rays and iterative phase retrieval. It unifies principles from microscopy, microscopy and crystallography, crystallography to reconstruct high-resolution, quantitative images by analyzing a series of overlapping coherent diffraction patterns acquired as a focused beam is scanned across the sample. Its defining characteristic is translational Invariant (physics), invariance, which means that the interference patterns are generated by one constant function (e.g. a field of illumination or an aperture, aperture stop) moving Geometric terms of location, laterally by a known amount with respect to another constant function (the specimen itself or a wave field). The interference patterns occur some distance away from these two components, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photoluminescence
Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. photons that excite electrons to a higher energy level in an atom), hence the prefix ''photo-''. Following excitation, various relaxation processes typically occur in which other photons are re-radiated. Time periods between absorption and emission may vary: ranging from short femtosecond-regime for emission involving free-carrier plasma in inorganic semiconductorsHayes, G.R.; Deveaud, B. (2002). "Is Luminescence from Quantum Wells Due to Excitons?". ''Physica Status Solidi A'' 190 (3): 637–640doi:10.1002/1521-396X(200204)190:33.0.CO;2-7/ref> up to milliseconds for phosphoresence processes in molecular systems; and under special circumstances delay of emission may even span to minutes or hours. Observation of photoluminescence at a certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
