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CNES Vesta Rockets
CNES () is the French national space agency. Headquartered in central Paris, the agency is overseen by the ministries of the Armed Forces, Economy and Finance and Higher Education, Research and Innovation. It operates from the Toulouse Space Centre and the Guiana Space Centre. The president of CNES is Philippe Baptiste. CNES is a member of Institute of Space, its Applications and Technologies. It is Europe's largest national organization of its type. History CNES was established under President Charles de Gaulle in 1961. It is the world's third oldest space agency, after the Soviet space program (Russia), and NASA (United States). CNES was responsible for the training of French astronauts, until the last active CNES astronauts transferred to the European Space Agency in 2001. , CNES is working with Germany and a few other governments to start a modest research effort with the hope to propose a LOX/methane reusable launch vehicle by mid-2015. If built, flight testing would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of France
The Government of France (, ), officially the Government of the French Republic (, ), exercises Executive (government), executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister of France, prime minister, who is the head of government, as well as both senior and junior minister (government), ministers. The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the Constitution of France, Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The meetings are presided over by the president of France, the head of state, although the officeholder is not a member of the government. The Prime Minister may designate ministers to be titled as ministers of state (), who are the most senior, followed in protocol order by ministers (), ministers delegate (), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (). All members of the government, who are appointed by the president following the recommendation of the prim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reusable Launch Vehicle
A reusable launch vehicle has parts that can be recovered and reflown, while carrying payloads from the surface to outer space. Rocket stages are the most common launch vehicle parts aimed for reuse. Smaller parts such as fairings, boosters or rocket engines can also be reused, though reusable spacecraft may be launched on top of an expendable launch vehicle. Reusable launch vehicles do not need to make these parts for each launch, therefore reducing its launch cost significantly. However, these benefits are diminished by the cost of recovery and refurbishment. Reusable launch vehicles may contain additional avionics and propellant, making them heavier than their expendable counterparts. Reused parts may need to enter the atmosphere and navigate through it, so they are often equipped with heat shields, grid fins, and other flight control surfaces. By modifying their shape, spaceplanes can leverage aviation mechanics to aid in its recovery, such as gliding or lift. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diamant
The Diamant rocket (French for "diamond") was the first exclusively French expendable launch system and at the same time the first satellite launcher not built by either the United States or USSR. As such, it has been referred to as being a key predecessor for all subsequent European launcher projects. The head of the project, Charley Attali, received the Legion of Honour in 1965 for the Diamant. During 1962, development of the Diamant commenced as the inaugural spacecraft project of France's space agency, the CNES, Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). As a project, it was derived from the military program ''pierres précieuses'' (fr.: gemstones) that included the five prototypes Agate (rocket), Agate, Topaze (rocket), Topaze, Emeraude (rocket), Emeraude, Rubis (rocket), Rubis and Saphir (rocket), Saphir (Agate, Topaz, Emerald, Ruby and Sapphire), and drew heavily upon the knowledge and technologies that had been previously developed. On 26 November 1965, the Diamant A pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félicette
Félicette () was a stray Parisian cat that became the first feline launched into space on 18October 1963 as part of the French space program. She was one of 14 female cats trained for spaceflight. The cats had electrodes implanted into their skulls to monitor their neurological activity throughout the flight. During the flight, electrical impulses were applied to the brain and a leg to stimulate responses. The capsule was recovered 13 minutes after the rocket was ignited. Most of the data from the mission was of good quality, and Félicette survived the flight but was euthanised two months later for the examination of her brain. Félicette was designated C 341 before the flight, and after the flight, the media gave her the name Félix, after Félix the Cat. (CERMA) modified this to the feminine Félicette and adopted it as her official name. Postage stamps worldwide commemorated her, and a statue with her likeness is on display at the International Space University. Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bérénice (rocket)
Bérénice was the designation of a four-stage French atmospheric reentry test rocket, developed by O.N.E.R.A. (''Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales''). Description Bérénice was long, possessed a diameter of and weighed at launch. The takeoff thrust of Bérénice, which could carry a payload of to a height of , amounted to . The first stage, a SEPR-739 ''Stromboli'', was stabilised by four SEPR-P167 rockets developing . The second stage consisted of a SEPR-740 ''Stromboli'', almost identical to the first stage. The third stage was a SEPR-P200 ''Tramontane'' and the fourth stage comprised a '' Mélanie'' rocket and payload. Launches The twelve production rockets, Bérénice 001 to Bérénice 012, were launched by ONERA from Ile du Levant from 1962 to 1966. See also * Tibère (rocket) * Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) * Mélanie (rocket) * Veronique (rocket) * French space program The French space program includes both commercial spaceflight, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Aubinière
Robert Joseph Aubinière Lippmann (September 24, 1912 – December 5, 2001) was a French military official and the inaugural director of the French Space Agency (CNES). Biography Early life Aubinière was born in Paris and spent most of his schooling at the Lycée Condorcet. He did his '' hypotaupe'' at Condorcet and his taupe at Lycée Chaptal then at Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Robert Aubinière entered the École polytechnique in 1933. Military career After graduating from the École polytechnique in 1935, Aubinière joined the French Air Force as a lieutenant. Upon completing his training at the École de l'air et de l'espace, he was assigned to the 61st Wing, stationed in Blida, in October 1936. In September 1943, he left Algeria for London, where he was named head of air operations for northern France (Region A). In December 1943, he parachuted into Is-sur-Tille in Burgundy and later operated secretly in Lille as head of the air operations office (BOA), succeeding Pierre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Victor Auger
Pierre Victor Auger (; 14 May 1899 – 24 December 1993) was a French physicist, born in Paris. He worked in the fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and cosmic ray physics. He is famous for being one of the discoverers of the Auger effect, named after him. Early life Pierre's father was chemistry professor Victor Auger. Pierre Auger was a student at the École normale supérieure in Paris from 1919 to 1922, the year when he passed the agrégation of physics. He then joined the physical chemistry laboratory of the faculté des sciences of the University of Paris under the direction of Jean Perrin to work there on the photoelectric effect. Career In 1926, he obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In 1927, he was named assistant to the faculté des sciences of Paris and, at the same time, adjoint chief of service to l'Institut de biologie physico-chimique. Chief of work to faculty in 1934 and general secretary of the annual tables of the constants in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurice Vaïsse
Maurice Vaïsse (born 7 May 1942 in Algiers École doctorale de Sciences Po) is a French historian specialised in and Defence. He is an editorial board member on the '' Journal of Intelligence and Terrorism Studies''. Biography Vaïsse graduated with a History ''Agrégation'' in 1967.CV détaillé en fran ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Algeria
French Algeria ( until 1839, then afterwards; unofficially ; ), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of History of Algeria, Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria's Independence Day (Algeria), gaining independence on 5 July 1962. The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the Invasion of Algiers (1830), invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and Pacification of Algeria, pacified until 1903. It is estimated that by 1875, approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians were killed. Various scholars describe the French conquest as genocide. Algeria was ruled as a French colony, colony from 1830 to 1848, and then as multiple Departments of France#Departments of Algeria (Départements d'Algérie), departments, an integral part of France, with the implementing of the French Constitution of 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammaguir
Hammaguir (also written Hamaguir and Hammaguira) () is a village in Abadla District, Béchar Province, Algeria, south-west of Béchar. It lies on the N50 national highway between Béchar and Tindouf. The location is notable for its role in French rocketry. Hamaguir Airport is located there. Role in French rocketry and spaceflight Between 1947 and 1967 there was a rocket launch site, the Interarmy Special Vehicles Test Centre (abbreviated CIEES in French), near Hammaguir, used by France for launching sounding rockets and the satellite carrier ''"Diamant"'' between 1965 and 1967. The Diamant launch pad at Hammaguir is located a30° 46′ 41″ N, 3° 3′ 14″ W The CIEES facility was also used for testing surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles. The first French satellite Astérix was launched from there in 1965. In honor of its role in the early development of French spaceflight, its name was given to a Martian crater in 1979 and to an asteroid crater in 2009. Notab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Armed Forces
The French Armed Forces (, ) are the military forces of France. They consist of four military branches – the Army, the Navy, the Air and Space Force, and the National Gendarmerie. The National Guard serves as the French Armed Forces' military reserve force. As stipulated by France's constitution, the president of France serves as commander-in-chief of the French military. France has the ninth largest defense budget in the world and the second largest in the European Union (EU). It also has the largest military by size in the EU. As of 2021, the total active personnel of the French Armed Forces is 270,000. While the reserve personnel is 63,700 (including the National Gendarmerie), for a total of 333,000 personnel (excluding the active personnel of the National Gendarmerie). Including the active personnel of the National Gendarmerie, the total manpower of all the French Armed Forces combined is 435,000 strong. A 2015 Credit Suisse report ranked the French Armed Forces as th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre Interarmées D'essais D'engins Spéciaux
The Centre Interarmées d'Essais d'Engins Spéciaux (CIEES, ) was France's first space launch and ballistic missile testing facility. Outside France, the facility is often referred to by the name of the nearest town, Hammaguir. It was established on 24 April 1947, by ministerial decree as the Special Weapons Test Center (CEES, ''Centre d'essais d'engins spéciaux'') for use by the French Army. In 1948, it was turned over to the French Air Force, who renamed it CIEES. Its remote location in the middle of the Saharan Desert and its relative closeness to the Equator (compared with Metropolitan France) made it an attractive launch site for missiles and orbital rockets. History The origins of CIEES and the French missile and space program date to the end of the Second World War. On 12 June 1945, less than a month after V-E Day, the War Department ordered the study of self-propelled projectiles (rockets). On 13 August, the Directorate of Studies and Manufactures of Armaments (DEFA) p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
