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Buformin
Buformin (1-butylbiguanide) is an oral antidiabetic drug of the biguanide class, chemically related to metformin and phenformin. Buformin was marketed by German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal as Silubin. Chemistry and animal toxicology Buformin hydrochloride is a fine, white to slightly yellow, crystalline, odorless powder, with a weakly acidic bitter taste. Its melting point is 174 to 177 °C, it is a strong base, and is freely soluble in water, methanol and ethanol, but insoluble in chloroform and ether. Toxicity: guinea pig LD50 subcutaneous 18 mg/kg; mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 140 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg oral. The log octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) is -1.20E+00; its water solubility is 7.46E+05 mg/L at 25 °C. Vapor pressure is 1.64E-04 mm Hg at 25 °C (EST); Henry's law constant is 8.14E-16 atm-m3/mole at 25 °C (EST). Its Atmospheric -OH rate constant is 1.60E-10 cm3/molecule-sec at 25 °C. Mechanism of actio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buformin Synthesis
Buformin (1-butylbiguanide) is an oral antidiabetic drug of the biguanide class, chemically related to metformin and phenformin. Buformin was marketed by German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal as Silubin. Chemistry and animal toxicology Buformin hydrochloride is a fine, white to slightly yellow, crystalline, odorless powder, with a weakly acidic bitter taste. Its melting point is 174 to 177 °C, it is a strong base, and is freely soluble in water, methanol and ethanol, but insoluble in chloroform and ether. Toxicity: guinea pig LD50 subcutaneous 18 mg/kg; mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 140 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg oral. The log octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) is -1.20E+00; its water solubility is 7.46E+05 mg/L at 25 °C. Vapor pressure is 1.64E-04 mm Hg at 25 °C (EST); Henry's law constant is 8.14E-16 atm-m3/mole at 25 °C (EST). Its Hydroxyl radical#Biological significance, Atmospheric -OH rate constant is 1.60E-10 cm3/molecule-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biguanides
Biguanide () is the organic compound with the formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2. It is a colorless solid that dissolves in water to give highly basic solution. These solutions slowly hydrolyse to ammonia and urea. Synthesis Biguanide can be obtained from the reaction of dicyandiamide with ammonia, via a Pinner-type process. :\mathrm Biguanide was first synthesized by Bernhard Rathke in 1879. Biguanidine drugs A variety of derivatives of biguanide are used as pharmaceutical drugs. Antihyperglycemic agents The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. Examples include: * Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 * Phenformin - withdrawn from the market in most countries due to toxic effects * Buformin - withdrawn from the market due to toxic effects File:Metformin.svg, Metformin, an asymmetric dimethylbiguanidine File:Buformin.svg, Buf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biguanide
Biguanide () is the organic compound with the formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2. It is a colorless solid that dissolves in water to give highly basic solution. These solutions slowly hydrolyse to ammonia and urea. Synthesis Biguanide can be obtained from the reaction of dicyandiamide with ammonia, via a Pinner-type process. :\mathrm Biguanide was first synthesized by Bernhard Rathke in 1879. Biguanidine drugs A variety of derivatives of biguanide are used as pharmaceutical drugs. Antihyperglycemic agents The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. Examples include: * Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 * Phenformin - withdrawn from the market in most countries due to toxic effects * Buformin - withdrawn from the market due to toxic effects File:Metformin.svg, Metformin, an asymmetric dimethylbiguanidine File:Buformin.svg, Bufo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antidiabetic Drug
Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by altering the glucose level in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, most GLP receptor agonists ( liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in type 1, which must be injected. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Treatments include agents that (1) increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, (3) decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and (4) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenformin
Phenformin is an antidiabetic drug from the biguanide class. It was marketed as DBI by Ciba-Geigy, but was withdrawn from most markets in the late 1970s due to a high risk of lactic acidosis, which was fatal in 50% of cases. Phenformin was developed in 1957 by Ungar, Freedman and Seymour Shapiro, working for the US Vitamin Corporation. Clinical trials begun in 1958 showed it to be effective, but with gastrointestinal side effects. Toxicity Phenformin sales began to decline in the US from 1973 due to negative trial studies and reports of lactic acidosis. By October 1976, the FDA Endocrinology and Metabolism Advisory Committee recommended phenformin be removed from the market. The FDA began formal proceedings in May 1977, leading to its eventual withdrawal on November 15, 1978. In 1977, 385,000 patients with early-stage diabetes were taking phenformin in the US. Ralph Nader's Health Research Group put the US government under pressure to ban the drug. Ciba-Geigy Corp resisted, clai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grünenthal
Grünenthal is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Aachen in Germany. It was founded in 1946 as Chemie Grünenthal and has been continuously family-owned. The company was the first to introduce penicillin into the German market in the postwar period, after the Allied Control Council lifted its ban. Grünenthal became infamous in the 1950s and 1960s for the development and sale of the teratogenic drug thalidomide, marketed as the sleeping pill Contergan and promoted as a morning sickness preventive. Thalidomide caused severe birth defects, miscarriages, and other severe health problems. Though these side effects were proven conclusively in 1959, and 1962, Grünenthal continued marketing the drug well into the 1970s and 1980s. The company generates more than 50 percent of its income with pain medications such as Tramadol. The company has two offices in Germany as well as subsidiaries in Europe, Latin America, the US, and China. In November 2016, the company acquired Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTOR
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''MTOR'' gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases. mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. In particular, as a core component of both complexes, mTOR functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. As a core component of mTORC2, mTOR also functions as a tyrosine protein kinase that promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. mTORC2 has also been implicated in the control and maintenance of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Withdrawn Drugs
Withdrawal means "an act of taking out" and may refer to: * Anchoresis (withdrawal from the world for religious or ethical reasons) * ''Coitus interruptus ''Coitus interruptus'', also known as withdrawal, pulling out or the pull-out method, is a method of birth control in which a man, during sexual intercourse, withdraws his penis from a woman's vagina prior to ejaculation and then directs his ej ...'' (the withdrawal method) * Drug withdrawal * Social withdrawal * Taking of money from a bank * Water withdrawal * Withdrawal (military) * Withdrawal reflex * ''Withdrawal'', Twista/ Do or Die EP * "Withdrawals" (Tyler Farr song) See also * * {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Cyanoguanidine
2-Cyanoguanidine is a nitrile derived from guanidine. It is a dimer of cyanamide, from which it can be prepared. 2-Cyanoguanidine is a colourless solid that is soluble in water, acetone, and alcohol, but not nonpolar organic solvents. Production and use 2-Cyanoguanidine is produced by treating cyanamide with base. It is produced in soil by decomposition of cyanamide. A variety of useful compounds are produced from 2-cyanoguanidine, guanidines and melamine. For example, acetoguanamine and benzoguanamine are prepared by condensation of cyanoguanidine with the nitrile: :(H2N)2C=NCN + RCN → (CNH2)2(CR)N3 Cyanoguanidine is also used as a slow fertilizer. Formerly, it was used as a fuel in some explosives. It is used in the adhesive industry as a curing agent for epoxy resins. Chemistry Two tautomeric forms exist, differing in the protonation and bonding of the nitrogen to which the nitrile group is attached. : 2-Cyanoguanidine can also exist in a zwitterionic form via ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butylamine
Butylamine may refer to any of several related chemical compounds: * ''n''-Butylamine * ''sec''-Butylamine * ''tert''-Butylamine * Isobutylamine Isobutylamine is an organic chemical compound (specifically, an amine) with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2NH2, and occurs as a colorless liquid. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metformin
Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. It is not associated with weight gain and is taken by mouth. It is sometimes used as an off-label adjunct to lessen the risk of metabolic syndrome in people who take antipsychotics. Metformin is generally well tolerated. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. It has a small risk of causing low blood sugar. High blood lactic acid level is a concern if the medication is used in overly large doses or prescribed in people with severe kidney problems. It is not recommended in those with significant liver disease. Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent. It works by decreasing glucose production in the liver, increasing the insulin sensitivity of body tissues, and increasing GDF15 secretion, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus
''Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus'' (''MERS-CoV''), or EMC/2012 ( HCoV-EMC/2012), is the virus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). It is a species of coronavirus which infects humans, bats, and camels. The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the DPP4 receptor. The species is a member of the genus ''Betacoronavirus'' and subgenus '' Merbecovirus''. Initially called simply novel coronavirus or nCoV, it was first reported in June 2012 after genome sequencing of a virus isolated from sputum samples from a person who fell ill in a 2012 outbreak of a new flu-like respiratory illness. By July 2015, MERS-CoV cases had been reported in over 21 countries, in Europe, North America and Asia as well as the Middle East. MERS-CoV is one of several viruses identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a likely cause of a future epidemic. They list it for urgent rese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
