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Bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials in feudal Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction. Pre-Edo period In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of ''bugyō'' would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called ''bugyō''. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent and regular basis.Kinihara, Misako''The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori'' (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用) Tokyo Woman's Christian University. ''Essays and S.tudies''. Abstract. Over time, there came to be 36 ''bugyō'' in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate. In 1434, Ash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakodate Bugyō
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''fudai'' daimyō, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyō.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868,'' p. 322. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor." Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Hakodate is a port city on the southern coast of Hokkaidō island, separated from northern Honshū by the Tsugaru Strait. In 1779, the Tokugawa shogunate exerted direct control over Hakodate, and rapid development in the area soon followed. This ''bakufu'' title identifies an official responsible for administration of the port city of Hakodate and neighboring territory of Ezo. The ''bugyō'' were also directly responsible for the conduct of relations with foreigners in this region. The office was created in 1802. There were two me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edo Machi-bugyō
were magistrates or municipal administrators with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Edo. Machi-bugyō were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''hatamoto'',Cunningham p. 39./ref> this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyōs''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 325. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor." During the Edo period, there were generally two hatamoto serving simultaneously as Edo ''machi-bugyō''. There were two Edo ''machi-bugyō-sho'' within the jurisdictional limits of metropolitan Edo; and during the years from 1702 though 1719, there was also a third appointed ''machi-bugyō''.Cunningham, Don. (2004) ''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai'', p. 39./ref> The Edo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haneda Bugyō
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 329. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner," "overseer," or "governor." This office was created in 1842. This ''bakufu'' title identifies an official responsible for the administration of the port of Haneda and foreign trade in the area. The number of men holding the title concurrently would vary over time. In February 1854, Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed unimpeded into Edo harbor and anchored his American squadron of ships off the port of Haneda.Naito, Akira ''et al.'' (2003) ''Edo, the City that Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History'', p. 207./ref> List of Haneda ''bugyō'' : See also * Bugyō Notes References * Beasley, William G. (1955) ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868''.London: Oxford University Press. RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprint ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samurai
The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court downsized the national army and delegated the security of the countryside to these privately trained warriors. Eventually the samurai clans grew so powerful that they became the ''de facto'' rulers of the country. In the aftermath of the Gempei War (1180-1185), Japan formally passed into military rule with the founding of the first shogunate. The status of samurai became heredity by the mid-eleventh century. By the start of the Edo period, the shogun had disbanded the warrior-monk orders and peasant conscript system, leaving the samurai as the only men in the country permitted to carry weapons at all times. Because the Edo period was a time of peace, many samurai neglected their warrior training and focused on peacetime activities such as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gunkan-bugyō
, also known as ''kaigun-bugō,'' were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually '' fudai daimyō''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 322. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor". This ''bakufu'' title identifies an official with responsibility for naval matters. The office was created on March 28, 1859. The creation of this new position was an administrative change which was deemed necessary because of two treaties which were negotiated with the Americans. The open port provisions were part of the Convention of Kanagawa of 1858, which cam about as the result Commodore Perry's second appearance in Tokyo harbor with armed battleships. More precisely, this ''bugyō'' was considered essential because of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which had been negotiated in 1858 by the American ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ad Hoc
''Ad hoc'' is a List of Latin phrases, Latin phrase meaning literally for this. In English language, English, it typically signifies a solution designed for a specific purpose, problem, or task rather than a Generalization, generalized solution adaptable to collateral instances (compare with ''a priori and a posteriori, a priori''). Common examples include ad hoc committees and commissions created at the national or international level for a specific task, and the term is often used to describe arbitration (ad hoc arbitration). In other fields, the term could refer to a military unit created under special circumstances (see ''task force''), a handcrafted network protocol (e.g., ad hoc network), a temporary collaboration among geographically-linked franchise locations (of a given national brand) to issue advertising coupons, or a purpose-specific equation in mathematics or science. Ad hoc can also function as an adjective describing temporary, provisional, or improvised methods ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakodate, Hokkaidō
is a Cities of Japan, city and seaports of Japan, port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of January 31, 2024, the city had an estimated population of 239,813 with 138,807 households, and a population density of . The total area is . The city is the third largest in Hokkaido after Sapporo and Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Asahikawa. History Hakodate was Japan's first city whose port was opened to foreign trade in 1854, as a result of Convention of Kanagawa, and used to be the most important port in northern Japan. The city was the biggest city in Hokkaido before the Great Fire of Hakodate in 1934. Pre–Meiji Restoration Hakodate (like other parts of around Hokkaido) was originally populated by the Ainu people, Ainu. The name "Hakodate" may have originated from an Ainu word, "hak-casi" ("shallow fort"). Another possibility is that it means "box" or "building" in Japanese which refers to the castle built by the Kono (Kan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gusoku-bugyō
The was a government office under Japan's Tokugawa shogunate, concerned with the armament of the ''shōgun''s soldiers. N.B.: Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, seDeutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File(). The office was established in 1604; however, this office was known as ''bugu-bugyō was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials in feudal Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdi ...'' after 1863. List of ''Gusoku bugyō'' : REferences Government of feudal Japan Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate {{Japan-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009. Related publishers, imprints, and series HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint (trade name), imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the ''Harvard Guide to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanuma Okitsugu
(September 11, 1719 – August 25, 1788) was a chamberlain (''sobashū'') and a senior counselor ('' rōjū'') to the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieharu of the Tokugawa Shogunate, in the Edo period of Japan. Tanuma and his son exercised tremendous power, especially in the last 14 years of shogun Ieharu's reign.Hane, M. (2018). ''Premodern Japan: A historical survey''. Routledge. He is known for the economic reforms of the Tenmei era and rampant corruption. He was also a ''daimyō'' of the Sagara Domain. Tanuma used the title Tonomo-no-kami. Tanuma's reforms aimed to rectify the systemic problems in Japan's economy, particularly the trade imbalance between the provinces (''han'') and the shogunal areas (''tenryō'') of Japan. The previous shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, sought to rectify the shogunate's economic problems by frugality and a focus on agriculture. Instead, Tanuma debased currency, sold monopoly rights to dealers, and taxed merchant guilds. To stem unfavorable balanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
