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Battle Of Campaldino
The Battle of Campaldino was fought between the Guelphs and Ghibellines on 11 June 1289. Mixed bands of pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and allies, Pistoia, Lucca, Siena, and Prato, all loosely commanded by the paid ''condottiero'' Amerigo di Narbona with his own professional following, met a Ghibelline force from Arezzo including the perhaps reluctant bishop, Guglielmino degli Ubertini, in the plain of Campaldino, which leads from Pratovecchio to Poppi, part of the Tuscan countryside along the upper Arno called the Casentino. One of the combatants on the Guelph side was Dante Alighieri, twenty-four years old at the time. Background Later, in the mid-14th century, Giovanni Villani recorded the long-remembered details— as Florentines remembered them— in his chronicle, though the ''casus belli'' he offers are merely conventional "outrages" on the part of Arezzo; the elaborately staged raid and fight led by aristocrats on both sides sounds like stylized gang warfare, thou ...
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Guillaume Da Durfort
Guillaume may refer to: People * Guillaume (given name), the French equivalent of William * Guillaume (surname), the French equivalent of Williams Places * Guillaume (crater), Moon, Earth-Moon System, Solar System * Guillaumes, Vence, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; a commune Other uses * Saint-Guillaume (other) See also * ''Chanson de Guillaume'', an 11th or 12th century poem * Guillaume affair, a Cold War espionage scandal that led to the resignation of West German Chancellor Willi Brandt * * William (other) William is a masculine given name. William may also refer to: People * List of people named William, a list of people with the given name * King William (other), lists various kings named ''William'' * Prince William (other) ...
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Poppi
Poppi () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about east of Florence and about northwest of Arezzo. Poppi borders the following municipalities: Bibbiena, Castel Focognano, Castel San Niccolò, Chiusi della Verna, Ortignano Raggiolo, Pratovecchio Stia. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Main sights * Poppi Castle, or the ''Castello dei Conti Guidi'', the main building in the Casentino, known from 1191, was owned by the Counts Guidi. It has additions by Arnolfo di Cambio. It has a courtyard, an external staircase, its chapel with frescos and its library containing rare manuscripts and incunabula.''Occhi sul Casentino'', Chiusi della Verna e Poppi, Azienda Autonoma di Soggiorno e Tourismo di Bibbiena, 1980 . *Holy Hermitage of Camaldoli, the ancestral seat of the Camaldolese monastic order. * Madonna del Morbo Sanctuary in the centre of the town, containing a painting ...
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Pratovecchio
Pratovecchio Stia is a ''comune'' in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany. It was formed by the merger of the two former ''comuni'' of Pratovecchio and Stia in 2014. History Dono di Paolo, father of the Florentine artist Paolo Uccello, was a barber-surgeon from Pratovecchio. Dono moved to Florence and became a citizen there in 1373. Main sights *Monastery and church of ''San Giovanni Evangelista'' (1134). Renovated in the 17th century, it has a Baroque portal and a single nave. Artworks include a ''Coronation of the Virgin'' by Giovanni Bizzelli (1600) and an ''Assumption'' by the Master of Pratovecchio (mid-15th century). *Church of ''San Biagio'', in Ama. Built in the 11th century in Romanesque style, it has a Gothic portal *Church of ''Santi Vito e Modesto'', in Lonnano (12th century). *''Santa Maria a Poppiena'', at Poppiena, documented from 1099, in Romanesque style (notable the façade rose window). The apse is introduced by an arch and has three mullioned windows decorated in al ...
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Guglielmino Degli Ubertini
Guglielmo or Guglielmino Ubertini ( – Campaldino, 11 June 1289) was an Italian condottiero (military leader) and bishop of Arezzo. He died in the Battle of Campaldino, leading a force of mainly Aretine Ghibellines fighting against a victorious Guelf army from Florence, Lucca, Siena, Pistoia and Prato. Dante Alighieri putatively fought with the victorious army. Guglielmo, with the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, was confirmed bishop in 1256 by pope Alexander IV. Guglielmo with the support of warriors from Spoleto Spoleto (, also , , ; ) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is south of Trevi, north of Terni, southeast of Perugia; southeast of Florence; and north of Rome. H ... and the Marche, had defeated in 1288 the Sienese at Pieve del Toppo. Controversy exists as to how willing Guglielmo was to battle the Guelph army at Campaldino. Some sources state he was forced onto the ...
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Narbonne
Narbonne ( , , ; ; ; Late Latin:) is a commune in Southern France in the Occitanie region. It lies from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It is located about from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port. From the 14th century it declined following a change in the course of the river Aude. While it is the largest commune in Aude, the capital of the Aude department is the smaller commune of Carcassonne. Etymology The source of the town's original name of Narbo is lost in antiquity, and it may have referred to a hillfort from the Iron Age close to the location of the current settlement or its occupants. The earliest known record of the area comes from the Greek Hecataeus of Miletus in the fifth century BC, who identified it as a Celtic harbor and marketplace at that time, and called its inhabitants the ''Ναρβαῖοι''. In ancient inscriptions the name is sometimes rendered in Latin and sometimes transl ...
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Condottiero
Condottieri (; singular: ''condottiero'' or ''condottiere'') were Italian military leaders active during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The term originally referred specifically to commanders of mercenary companies, derived from the Italian word ''condotta''—the contract under which they served a Italian city-states, city-state or lord. The word ''condottiero'' thus meant 'contractor'. Over time, however, in Italian usage, ''condottiero'' came to mean any 'commander' or 'military leader'. Mercenary captains Background In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Italian city-states of Republic of Venice, Venice, Republic of Florence, Florence, and republic of Genoa, Genoa were very rich from their trade with the Levant, yet possessed woefully small armies. In the event that foreign powers and envious neighbours attacked, the ruling nobles hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them. The military-service terms and conditions were stipulated in a (contract) between the city ...
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Prato
Prato ( ; ) is a city and municipality (''comune'') in Tuscany, Italy, and is the capital of the province of Prato. The city lies in the northeast of Tuscany, at an elevation of , at the foot of Monte Retaia (the last peak in the Calvana chain). With 198,326 inhabitants as of 2025, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city after Florence, and the third largest in Central Italy. Historically, Prato's economy has been based on the textile industry and its district is the largest in Europe. The textile district of Prato is made up of about 7000 fashion companies, amounting to around 2 billion euros of city's export. The renowned Datini archives are a significant collection of late medieval documents concerning economic and trade history, produced between 1363 and 1410. The city boasts important historical and artistic attractions, with a cultural span that started with the Etruscans and then expanded in the Middle Ages and reached its peak with the Renaissance, when artists such ...
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Speculum (journal)
''Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies'' is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America. Established in 1926 by Edward Kennard Rand, it is widely regarded as the most prestigious journal in medieval studies. The journal's primary focus is on the time period from 500 to 1500 in Western Europe, but also on related subjects such as Byzantine, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian and Slavic studies. , the editor is Katherine L. Jansen. The organization and its journal were first proposed in 1921 at a meeting of the Modern Language Association, and the journal's focus was interdisciplinary from its beginning, with one reviewer noting a specific interest in Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was also the administrative language in the former Western Roman Empire, Roman Provinces of Mauretania, Numidi .... ...
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Guido Novello Guidi
Guido is a given name. It has been a male first name in Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Argentina, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal and Latin America, as well as other places with migration from those. Regarding origins, there are most likely homonymous forms of it, that is, from several etymological predecessors but now seeming to be the same name. One of the likely homonyms is Germanic ''Guido'' representing the Latinisation from the Old High German name ''Wido'', which meant "wood" (that is, "forest"). Another likely homonym is the Italian ''Guido'' from a latinate root for "guide". The third likely homonym is the Italian ''Guido'' with phonetic correspondence to Latin '' Vitus'', whereas the Latin ''v'' (/w/), the Latin ''i'' (/iː/), and the terminal syllable ''-tus'' have predictable homology with the Italian /u/, /iː/, and ''-do''. Thus, for example, Saint Vitus has also been known in Italian as Guido. The slang term ''Guido'' is used in American cultu ...
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