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Average Voting Rule
The average voting rule is a rule for group decision-making when the decision is a ''distribution'' (e.g. the allocation of a budget among different issues), and each of the voters reports his ideal distribution. This is a special case of budget-proposal aggregation. It is a simple aggregation rule, that returns the arithmetic mean of all individual ideal distributions. The average rule was first studied formally by Michael Intrilligator. This rule and its variants are commonly used in economics and sports. Characterization Intrilligator proved that the average rule is the unique rule that satisfies the following three axioms: * ''Completeness:'' for every ''n'' distributions, the rule returns a distribution. * ''Unanimity for losers'': if an issue receives 0 in all individual distributions, then it receives 0 in the collective distribution. * ''Strict and equal sensitivity to individual allocations'': if one voter increases his allocation to one issue while all other allocation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Decision-making
Group decision-making (also known as collaborative decision-making or collective decision-making) is a situation faced when individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives before them. The decision is then no longer attributable to any single individual who is a member of the group. This is because all the individuals and social group processes such as social influence contribute to the outcome. The decisions made by groups are often different from those made by individuals. In workplace settings, collaborative decision-making is one of the most successful models to generate buy-in from other stakeholders, build consensus, and encourage creativity. According to the idea of synergy, decisions made collectively also tend to be more effective than decisions made by a single individual. In this vein, certain collaborative arrangements have the potential to generate better net performance outcomes than individuals acting on their own. Under normal everyday conditions, co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Budget-proposal Aggregation
Budget-proposal aggregation (BPA) is a problem in social choice theory. A group has to decide on how to distribute its budget among several issues. Each group-member has a different idea about what the ideal budget-distribution should be. The problem is how to aggregate the different opinions into a single budget-distribution program. BPA is a special case of Participatory budgeting rule, participatory budgeting, with the following characteristics: # The issues are ''divisible'' and ''unbounded'' – each issue can be allocated any amount, as long as the sum of allocations equals the total budget. # Agents' preferences are given by single-peaked preferences over an ''ideal budget''. It is also a special case of fractional social choice (portioning), in which agents express their preferences by stating their ideal distribution, rather than by a ranking of the issues. Another sense in which aggregation in budgeting has been studied is as follows. Suppose a manager asks his worker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arithmetic Mean
In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the ''mean'' or ''average'' is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a Survey (statistics), survey. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps to distinguish it from other types of means, such as geometric mean, geometric and harmonic mean, harmonic. Arithmetic means are also frequently used in economics, anthropology, history, and almost every other academic field to some extent. For example, per capita income is the arithmetic average of the income of a nation's Human population, population. While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendency, central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic: it is greatly influenced by outliers (Value (mathematics), values much larger or smaller than ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Intriligator
Michael D. Intriligator (February 5, 1938 – June 23, 2014) was an American economist at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was Professor of Economics, Political Science, and Policy Studies, and co-director of the Jacob Marschak Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Mathematics in the Behavioral Sciences. In addition, he was a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute in Santa Monica, a Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America in Boston, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Science, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received his Ph.D. in economics at MIT in 1963 and the same year joined the UCLA Department of Economics. He taught courses in economic theory, econometrics, mathematical economics, international relations, and health economics, and received several distinguished teaching awards. His research interests were mathematical economic theory; applications of quantitative economics to strategy and arms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L1 Distance
Taxicab geometry or Manhattan geometry is geometry where the familiar Euclidean distance is ignored, and the distance between two points is instead defined to be the sum of the absolute differences of their respective Cartesian coordinates, a distance function (or metric) called the ''taxicab distance'', ''Manhattan distance'', or ''city block distance''. The name refers to the island of Manhattan, or generically any planned city with a rectangular grid of streets, in which a taxicab can only travel along grid directions. In taxicab geometry, the distance between any two points equals the length of their shortest grid path. This different definition of distance also leads to a different definition of the length of a curve, for which a line segment between any two points has the same length as a grid path between those points rather than its Euclidean length. The taxicab distance is also sometimes known as ''rectilinear distance'' or distance (see ''Lp'' space). This geometry ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strategyproof
In mechanism design, a strategyproof (SP) mechanism is a game form in which each player has a weakly-dominant strategy, so that no player can gain by "spying" over the other players to know what they are going to play. When the players have private information (e.g. their type or their value to some item), and the strategy space of each player consists of the possible information values (e.g. possible types or values), a truthful mechanism is a game in which revealing the true information is a weakly-dominant strategy for each player. An SP mechanism is also called dominant-strategy-incentive-compatible (DSIC), to distinguish it from other kinds of incentive compatibility. A SP mechanism is immune to manipulations by individual players (but not by coalitions). In contrast, in a group strategyproof mechanism, no group of people can collude to misreport their preferences in a way that makes every member better off. In a strong group strategyproof mechanism, no group of people can col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Median Voting Rule
The median voting rule or median mechanism is a rule for group decision-making along a one-dimensional domain. Each person votes by writing down his/her ideal value, and the rule selects a single value which is (in the basic mechanism) the ''median'' of all votes. Motivation Many scenarions of group decision making involve a one-dimensional domain. Some examples are: * Members of a city-council have to decide on the total amount of annual city budget. * Several people working in the same office have to decide on the air-conditioning temperature. * Parents of schoolchildren should decide how long the annual school vacation should be. * The public has to decide where to locate a facility along a one-dimensional street. Each member has in mind an ideal decision, called his "peak". Each agent prefers the actual amount to be as close as possible to his peak. A simple way to decide is the ''average voting rule'': ask each member what is his peak, and take the average of all peak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Private Information
Privacy (, ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of appropriate use and Information security, protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity. Throughout history, there have been various conceptions of privacy. Most cultures acknowledge the right of individuals to keep aspects of their personal lives out of the public domain. The right to be free from unauthorized invasions of privacy by governments, corporations, or individuals is enshrined in the privacy laws of many countries and, in some instances, their constitutions. With the rise of technology, the debate regarding privacy has expanded from a bodily sense to include a digital sense. In most countries, the right to digital privacy is considered an extension of the original right to privacy, and many count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Systems
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, Suffrage, who is allowed to vote, Nomination rules, who can stand as a candidate, Voting method, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on Campaign finance, campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
