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Aurich
Aurich (; East Frisian Low Saxon: ''Auerk'', West Frisian: ''Auwerk'', ) is a town in the East Frisian region of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund. History The history of Aurich dates back to the 13th century, when the settlement of ''Aurechove'' was mentioned in a Frisian document called the '' Brokmerbrief'' in 1276. There are various hypotheses about the interpretation of the city name. It either refers to a person (Affo, East Frisian first name ) and his property (Reich) or it refers to waterworks on the fertile, water-rich lowland of the Aa (or Ehe) river, upon which the city was built; medieval realizations were Aurichove, Aurike, Aurikehove, Auerk, Auryke, Auwerckhove, Auwerick, Auwerck, Auwreke, Awerck, Awreke, Awrik, Auwerich and Aurickeshove . In 1517, Count Edzard from the House of Cirksena began rebuilding the town after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurich (district)
Aurich is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the North Sea, the districts of Wittmund and Leer, and the city of Emden. History The history of the district is linked with the history of the region of East Frisia. The district was established in 1977 by merging the former districts of Aurich and Norden. Geography The district is located in the westernmost part of East Frisia (''Ostfriesland''). In the west there is the mouth of the river Ems and the Krummhörn peninsula protruding into the estuary. With a population of approximately 190,000 (as of 31 December 2016) it is the biggest district of East Frisia. The district includes the three populated islands of Juist, Norderney and Baltrum, which belong to the East Frisian Islands. The small island of Memmert south of Juist is a nature reserve housing rare birds. Part of the district belongs to the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park. Islands: Norderney 26 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cirksena
The House of Cirksena was the ruling family of East Frisia (). They descended from a line of East Frisian chieftains from Greetsiel. East Frisia In 1439, in the wake of clashes between different lines of chieftains, the town of Emden was first placed by Hamburg under direct rule and then, in 1453, given to the Cirksena. The family administered and ruled the town until 1595. The Cirksena gained strength and succeeded the chieftain line of the tom Broks, after their opponent Focko Ukena was defeated and expelled by several allied East Frisian chieftains, chieftains, led by Edzard Cirksena. Ulrich I of East Frisia, Ulrich Cirksena (d. 1466) was elevated to the rank of imperial count by Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III and enfeoffed with the Imperial County of East Frisia. The most important ruler from the House of Cirksena was Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, Edzard I (1462–1528), under whose leadership the Imperial County of East Frisia reached its great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Frisia
East Frisia () or East Friesland (; ; ; ) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisia (peninsula), East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia and to the west of Friesland (district), Landkreis Friesland. Administratively, East Frisia consists of the districts Aurich (district), Aurich, Leer (district), Leer and Wittmund (district), Wittmund and the city of Emden. It has a population of approximately 469,000 people and an area of . There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the East Frisian Islands (). From west to east, these islands are Borkum, Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Langeoog and Spiekeroog. History The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the Hamburg culture. Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Province Of Hanover
The Province of Hanover () was a Provinces of Prussia, province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1866 to 1946. During the Austro-Prussian War, the Kingdom of Hanover had attempted to maintain a neutral position, along with some other member states of the German Confederation. After Hanover voted in favour of mobilising confederation troops against Prussia on 14 June 1866, Prussia saw this as a just cause for declaring war; the Kingdom of Hanover was soon dissolved and annexed by Prussia. The private wealth of the dethroned House of Hanover was then used by Otto von Bismarck to finance his continuing efforts against Ludwig II of Bavaria. In August 1946, the British military administration recreated the State of Hanover based on the former Kingdom of Hanover but, three months later, it was merged into the new States of Germany, state () of Lower Saxony along with the states of Free State of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Free State of Brunswick, Brunswick, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony is a States of Germany, German state (') in Northern Germany, northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ' of the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon and Saterland Frisian language, Saterland Frisian are still spoken, though by declining numbers of people. Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, , Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the Bremen (state), state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other its seaport, Bremerhaven (which is a semi-exclave, as it has a coastline). Lower Saxony thus borders more neighbours than any other single '. The state's largest cities are the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig (Brunswick), Oldenburg (city), Oldenburg, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frisia
Frisia () is a Cross-border region, cross-border Cultural area, cultural region in Northwestern Europe. Stretching along the Wadden Sea, it encompasses the north of the Netherlands and parts of northwestern Germany. Wider definitions of "Frisia" may include the island of Rømø, Rem and the other Danish Wadden Sea Islands. The region is traditionally inhabited by the Frisians, a Germanic peoples, West Germanic ethnic group. Etymology The contemporary name for the region stems from Latin , an ethnonym used for Frisii, a group of ancient tribes in modern-day Northwestern Germany, possibly being a loanword of Proto-Germanic wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frisaz, *''frisaz'', meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of the tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On the North Frisian islands, for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainland North Frisia. In Saterland Frisian, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Hanover
The Kingdom of Hanover () was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover, personal union with Great Britain between 1714 and 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy, usually a younger member of the British royal family, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover. The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, Ernest Augustus thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son succeeded h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ems-Oriental
Ems-Oriental (, "Eastern Ems (river), Ems"; , ) was a departments of France, department of the First French Empire in present-day Germany. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory is part of the present-day German region of East Frisia in Lower Saxony. Its capital was Aurich. The department was subdivided into the following arrondissements and canton (administrative division), cantons (situation in 1812):Almanach Impérial an bissextil MDCCCXII p. 398, accessed in Gallica 24 July 2013 * Aurich, cantons: Aurich, Berum, Hage, Berum, Norden, Lower Saxony, Norden and Großefehn, Timmel. * Emden, cantons: Emden, Leer, Lower Saxony, Leer, Oldersum, Pewsum and Detern, Stickhausen. * Jever, cantons: Esens, Lower Saxony, Esens, Wangerland, Hooksiel, Jever, Wil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wittmund
Wittmund () is a town and capital of the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Geography Wittmund is a town of 21,000 inhabitants located in Germany's historic coastal district of East Frisia, between the towns of Aurich and Jever. The town's borough covers an area of which make it one of the largest boroughs in Lower Saxony. While the town of Wittmund is about from the North Sea coast, its borough includes the little port of Harlesiel which is the starting point for ferries to the island of Wangerooge. Harlesiel is named after the Harle, a small river that starts and finishes within Wittmund borough. (A ''siel'' is a sluice in a dyke. At low tide, water from the river may flow into the sea.) Villages: - Ardorf - Asel - Blersum - Berdum - Burhafe - Buttforde - Carolinensiel - Eggelingen - Funnix - Hovel - Leerhafe - Uttel - Willen Towns: - Wittmund Mayor Since November 1, 2006, Rolf Claußen is the mayor of Wittmund. He was reelected in 2014. History The town o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Of East Frisia
The County of East Frisia (; Frisian: ''Greefskip Eastfryslân''; Dutch: ''Graafschap Oost-Friesland'') was a county (though ruled by a prince after 1662) in the region of East Frisia in the northwest of the present-day German state of Lower Saxony. County Originally East Frisia was part of the larger Frisian realm. The Frisians had practically no higher authority above them. There did exist, though, respected families of chieftains hoovdling, who aspired to increase their, mostly local, power and influence. In the 15th century, the Cirksena dynasty managed to establish its authority in practically all of East Frisia. In 1464, Ulrich I of East Frisia was raised to the status of Count by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and East Frisia became a county. Origin of the county In 1430, led by chieftain Edzard Cirksena of Greetsiel, a freedom-alliance was formed against the ruling Focko Ukena. Together with his brother Ulrich, Edzard managed to remove the Ukena-faction fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brokmerbrief
__NOTOC__ The Brokmerbrief or Law of Brokmerland is the early 13th-century law code of the ''brocmanni'', the inhabitants of Brokmerland, west of Aurich in East Frisia. The area had been placed under cultivation and settled by the end of the 12th century. It survives in two manuscripts. The work is sometimes referred to as the Brookmerbrief, using the modern spelling of " Brookmerland". The Brokmerbrief is the most complete source on Frisian law. It describes the polity and judicial system of a country whose law was based on the will of the assembled people (the ' Frisian freedom'): political and judicial power was in the hands of functionaries selected annually from the ranks of the farmers, who were known as ''redjeven'' (consuls, counsellors); their power in turn was regulated by the Brokmerbrief. The period of independent rural self-rule came to an end by about the mid-14th century. However, unlike for example Emsigerland, Brokmerland remained a discrete unit, since the Bro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Frisian Low Saxon
East Frisian Low Saxon, East Frisian Low German or simply called East Frisian is a Northern Low Saxon dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony. East Frisian Low Saxon remains in everyday use among segments of the coastal population in East Frisia, particularly among older generations and in rural communities. Estimates suggest that approximately half of the regional population retains some level of active usage, though both fluent speakers and passive comprehension are in decline due to sociolinguistic shifts and increasing dominance of Standard German. East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the East Frisian language; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a Frisian language, not Low German. There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called Harlinger Platt, are strongly influenced by Northern Low Saxon of Oldenburg. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
