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Armenousa
Armenousa (fl. 7th century) was, according to legend, a daughter of Cyrus of Alexandria and intended bride of Heraclius Constantine who defended Roman Egypt, Egypt during the Arab conquest of Egypt, Arab conquest. Her historicity is questioned by most modern historians, particularly Alfred J. Butler, who said that "these myths, which are often inspired by the fancy of the Arabian Nights, must be banished from the domain of history". Background Armenousa is mentioned by several Arabic chroniclers, such as Al-Waqidi and al-Maqrizi. They describe her as the daughter of Al-Muqawqis (generally identified with Cyrus of Alexandria). This poses a problem, because Byzantine sources do not mention Cyrus having a wife or daughter, and, as Butler points out, being unmarried was a requirement for bishops by this time (although there were rare exceptions like John the Merciful). Al-Waqidi also implies that, although she fluently spoke Greek language, Greek and many other languages, her native ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Conquest Of Egypt
The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of Amr ibn al-As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate. It ended the seven-century-long Roman Egypt, Roman period in Egypt that had begun in 30 BC and, more broadly, the Greco-Roman period that had lasted about a millennium. Shortly before the conquest, Byzantine empire, Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire, Roman) rule in the country had been shaken, as Egypt had been Sasanian conquest of Egypt, conquered and occupied for a decade by the Sasanian Empire in 618–629, before being recovered by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. The Caliphate took advantage of Byzantines' exhaustion to invade Egypt. During the mid-630s, the Romans had already Muslim conquest of the Levant, lost the Levant and its Ghassanid allies in Arabia to the Caliphate. The loss of the prosperous province of Egypt and the defeat of the Byzantine armies severely weakened the empire, resulting in further territorial losses in the centu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrus Of Alexandria
Cyrus of Alexandria ( '' al-Muqawqis'', ; 6th century – 21 March 642) was a prominent figure in the 7th century. He served as a Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and held the position of the second-last Byzantine prefect of Egypt. As Prefect, he heavily persecuted the Copts, and during the Arab conquest of Egypt, continually pushed for surrender and sabotaged the Byzantine military's defence of the country. Notably, he also played a significant role in the development of monothelitism. Cyrus died in Alexandria on March 21, 642. Early life Cyrus was born in the late 6th century. He was from the Caucasus region, hence the nickname Al-Muqawqis, from the Coptic ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥ meaning "the Caucasian". He had a sister, who married Domentianus the governor of Faiyum. Arab sources (mainly Al-Waqidi) name various other relatives of Cyrus, such as a daughter named '' Armenousa'', another daughter ''Luliyah'', two sons ''Aristulis'' and ''Paul'', a brother ''Andrew' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aretion
Aretion () was a Byzantine governor of Jerusalem during the reign of Heraclius (), and a general in the Arab–Byzantine wars. He is described by al-Tabari as "the most cunning of the Byzantines, the most far-sighted, and the most harmful". Name Since Aretion is not easily identifiable with anyone attested in Byzantine sources, his original Greek name is unknown. Most Arab sources give his name as "Arṭabūn" ( أرطبون), with a few (like Abu 'l Mahasin and Al-Waqidi) instead calling him "Areṭîūn" (ارطيون). Hendrik Arent Hamaker translated the latter into Latin as "Aretion". Alfred J. Butler believed that "Aretion" was the correct form and "Artabun" was a corruption. An alternate translation is " Artabanus". However, some historians (such as Michael Jan de Goeje) believe that "Artabun" may not be a name at all, but rather a corruption of the Roman title '. This allows Aretion to be identified with other attested figures. Walter Kaegi believed he "may be identic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7th Century
The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa. The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor, which ensured the existence of the empire. In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the ''Siglo de Concilios'' (century o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran. Among the most prominent figures of the Islamic Golden Age, al-Tabari is widely known for his historical works and expertise in Quranic exegesis, and has been described as "an impressively prolific polymath".Lindsay Jones (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of religion'', volume 13, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, p. 8943 He authored works on a diverse range of subjects, including world history, poetry, lexicography, grammar, ethics, mathematics, and medicine. Among his most famous and influential works are his Quranic commentary, '' Tafsir al-Tabari'', and historical chronicle, '' Tarikh al-Tabari''. Al-Tabari followed the Shafi'i school for nearly a decade before he developed his own interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence. His understand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jizya
Jizya (), or jizyah, is a type of taxation levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Sharia, Islamic law. The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount,Sabet, Amr (2006), ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' 24:4, Oxford; pp. 99–100. and the application of jizya varied in the course of Islamic history. However, scholars largely agree that early Muslim rulers adapted some of the existing systems of taxation and modified them according to Islamic religious law.online Historically, the jizya tax has been understood in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims' allegiance to the Muslim state and its laws. The majority of Muslim jurists required adult, free, sane men, males among the dhimma community to pay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Severus Ibn Al-Muqaffa
Severus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (; died 987) or Severus of El Ashmunein () was a Coptic Orthodox bishop, author and historian. Severus is sometimes confused with the Persian author Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa' (d. 759). He was bishop of Hermopolis Magna in Upper Egypt around the end of the tenth century. In this period, Egypt was ruled by the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, which had taken Egypt from the Abbasid Caliphate in 969. Fatimid rule slowly but surely changed Coptic Christian culture, especially in the realm of language. Complaining that the Coptic Orthodox Christians of Egypt no longer knew the Coptic language, Severus composed a theological text in Arabic—the first Coptic text written in that language. He is best known as the traditional initial author of the '' History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria''. One of the stories in it relates how Bishop Severus was asked by the Muslim chief justice () whether a passing dog was Muslim or Christian. As it was a Friday, the Bishop said to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikephoros I Of Constantinople
Nikephoros I (; – 5 April 828) was a Byzantine writer and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 12 April 806 to 13 March 815. Life He was born in Constantinople as the son of Theodore and Eudokia, of a strictly Orthodox family, which had suffered from the earlier Iconoclasm. His father Theodore, one of the secretaries of Emperor Constantine V, had been scourged and banished to Nicaea for his zealous support of Iconodules,Johann Peter Kirsch, "St. Nicephorus", Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1911 and the son inherited the religious convictions of the father. While still young Nicephorus was brought to the court, where he became an imperial secretary and entered the service of the Empire. Under [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary, Mother Of Jesus
Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity of Mary, virgin or Queen of Heaven, queen, many of them mentioned in the Litany of Loreto. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Reformed Christianity, Reformed, Baptist, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Theotokos, Mother of God. The Church of the East historically regarded her as Christotokos, a term still used in Assyrian Church of the East liturgy. Other Protestant views on Mary vary, with some holding her to have lesser status. She has the Mary in Islam, highest position in Islam among all women and is mentioned numerous times in the Quran, including in a chapter Maryam (surah), named after her.Jestice, Phyllis G. ''Holy people of the world: a cros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Waqidi
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Waqid al-Aslami () ( – 207 AH; commonly referred to as al-Waqidi (Arabic: ; c. 747 – 823 AD) was an early Arab Muslim historian and biographer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, specializing in his military campaigns. His surname is derived from his grandfather's name Waqid, and thus he became famous as al-Imam al-Waqidi. * Ibn ‘Adi (277-365 A.H.) said "His traditions are not safe and there is danger from him (in accepting his traditions)" * Al-Daraqutni (306-385 A.H.) said "There is weakness in him (in his reporting)" * Al-Nawawi (631-676 A.H.): said "Their (muhaddithin scholars) consensus is that al-Waqidi is weak" * Al-Dhahabi (675-748 A.H.) said "Consensus has taken place on the weakness of al-Waqidi" * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (773-852 A.H.) said "He has been abandoned in spite of vastness of his knowledge" Ibn Hajr al-‘Asqalani, ''Tahdhib al-Tahdhib'', volume 2 page 194, airo, 1960/ref> * Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (1914-1999 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belbeis
Bilbeis ( ; Bohairic ' is an ancient fortress city on the eastern edge of the southern Nile Delta in Egypt, the site of the ancient city and former bishopric of Phelbes and a Latin Catholic titular see. The city is small in size but densely populated, with over 407,300 residents. It also houses the Egyptian Air Force Academy complex, which contains the town's largest public school in Al-Zafer. Coptic tradition says that Bilbeis was one of the stopping places of the Holy Family during the Flight into Egypt. History The city was important enough in the Roman province of Augustamnica Secunda to become a bishopric. Situated on a caravan and natural invasion route from the east, Bilbeis was conquered in 640 by the Arabs. Amr ibn al-As besieged and took the city defended by a Byzantine general called al-Ardubun. According to a Muslim legend, Armanusa, the daughter of Muqawqis lived in Bilbeis. In 727 some of the Qays tribe were resettled here and later chain of fortres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelusium
Pelusium (Ancient Egyptian: ; /, romanized: , or , romanized: ; ; ; ; ) was an important city in the eastern extremes of Egypt's Nile Delta, to the southeast of the modern Port Said. It became a Roman provincial capital and Metropolitan archbishopric and remained a multiple Catholic titular see and an Eastern Orthodox active archdiocese. Location Pelusium lay between the seaboard and the marshes of the Nile Delta, about two-and-a-half miles from the sea. The port was choked by sand as early as the first century BC, and the coastline has now advanced far beyond its ancient limits that the city, even in the third century AD, was at least four miles from the Mediterranean. The principal product of the neighbouring lands was flax, and the ''linum Pelusiacum'' (Pliny's Natural History xix. 1. s. 3) was both abundant and of a very fine quality. Pelusium was also known for being an early producer of beer, known as the Pelusian drink. Pelusium stood as a border-fortress, a place ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
