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Anastrepha
''Anastrepha'' is the most diverse genus in the Americas, American tropics and subtropics. Currently, it comprises more than 300 described species, including nine major pest species, such as the Mexican fruit fly (''A. ludens''), the South American fruit fly (''A. fraterculus'' complex), the West Indian fruit fly (''Anastrepha obliqua, A. obliqua''), the sapote fruit fly (''A. serpentina''), the Caribbean fruit fly (''A. suspensa''), the American guava fruit fly (''A. striata''), and the pumpkin fruit fly (''Anastrepha grandis, A. grandis''), as well as the papaya fruit fly (formerly ''Toxotrypana curvicada'' and ''T. littoralis''). As some of their names suggest, these pest species are one of the most numerous and damaging groups of insects in their native range, plaguing commercial fruits such as citrus, mango, guava, and papaya. Biology and ecology Natural history and life cycle Females lay their eggs in either developing and healthy fruits or in mature and rotten fruit (l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastrepha Ludens
''Anastrepha ludens'', the Mexican fruit fly or ''Mexfly'', is a species of fly of the '' Anastrepha'' genus in the Tephritidae family (fruit flies). It is closely related to the Caribbean fruit fly ''Anastrepha suspensa'', and the papaya fruit fly ''Anastrepha curvicauda''. ''Anastrepha ludens'' is native to Mexico and Central America and is a major pest to citrus and mango agriculture in Mexico, Central America, and the lower Rio Grande Valley. The species exhibits high fecundity and relatively long lifespans compared to other species of fruit flies. These qualities make the Mexican fruit fly a particularly aggressive invasive species, especially threatening agriculture because the larvae grow and feed on many different species of fruit. The ''Anastrepha'' genus is designated as one of three genera that pose the greatest risk to American agriculture. According to the USDA, ''A. ludens'' is the only important member of the ''Anastrepha'' genus that is subtropical instead of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexican Fruit Fly
''Anastrepha ludens'', the Mexican fruit fly or ''Mexfly'', is a species of fly of the ''Anastrepha'' genus in the Tephritidae family (fruit flies). It is closely related to the Caribbean fruit fly ''Anastrepha suspensa'', and the papaya fruit fly ''Anastrepha curvicauda''. ''Anastrepha ludens'' is native to Mexico and Central America and is a major pest to citrus and mango agriculture in Mexico, Central America, and the lower Rio Grande Valley. The species exhibits high fecundity and relatively long lifespans compared to other species of fruit flies. These qualities make the Mexican fruit fly a particularly aggressive invasive species, especially threatening agriculture because the larvae grow and feed on many different species of fruit. The ''Anastrepha'' genus is designated as one of three genera that pose the greatest risk to American agriculture. According to the USDA, ''A. ludens'' is the only important member of the ''Anastrepha'' genus that is subtropical instead of tro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastrepha Suspensa
''Anastrepha suspensa'', known as the Caribbean fruit fly, the Greater Antillean fruit fly, guava fruit fly, or the Caribfly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly. As the names suggest, these flies feed on and develop in a variety of fruits, primarily in the Caribbean. They mainly infest mature to overripe fruits. While thought to have originated in Cuba, the Caribbean fruit fly can now also be found in Florida, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. ''Anastrepha suspensa'' is a small brown and yellow fly that is can be distinguished from similar species by the placement of the veins in the wings. This fly is a pest species and has negative agricultural and economic impacts. Due to their ability to travel great distances (over 120 km) and wide range of adaptability, ''A. suspensa'' poses risks to any fruit growing country importing fruit from the Caribbean. Description The adult fly is between 11 and 14 mm long and may appear yellow, orange, brown, or a combination of the three. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastrepha Obliqua
''Anastrepha obliqua'' is a species of fruit fly. It is the most important fruit fly pest of mangoes in Neotropics and attacks a wide range of other spicy fruits. ''A. obliqua'' is widespread in Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies. It is sometimes called the West Indian fruit fly in English. Description ''Anastrepha obliqua'' is the most abundant species of ''Anastrepha'' in the West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Great ... and Panama. Like the Caribbean fruit fly, ''Anastrepha obliqua'' also attacks other tropical fruits of little economic importance. ''A. obliqua'' has also been called the Antillean fruit fly. References Trypetinae Insect vectors of plant pathogens {{Trypetinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastrepha Grandis
''Anastrepha grandis'' is a fruit fly, also known as the South American cucurbit fruit fly. It is a pest of various cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae, especially the pumpkin, squash and melon A melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae with sweet, edible, and fleshy fruit. The word "melon" can refer to either the plant or specifically to the fruit. Botanically, a melon is a kind of berry, specifically a " pepo". The .... ''Anastrepha grandis'' is found in almost all South American countries. Importance to agriculture Once a pest of minor to moderate importance generally, it has become a rather important pest. This kind of species is potentially of economic importance in Florida and southern Texas should it ever be introduced there. References Trypetinae Insect vectors of plant pathogens {{trypetinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastrepha Hamata
Anastrepha hamata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus '' Anastrepha'' of the family Tephritidae The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae. The family Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus ''Drosophila ''Drosophila'' () is a ge .... References Trypetinae {{Trypetinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconidae
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include '' Aerophilus'', '' Aleiodes'', '' Apanteles'', '' Asobara'', '' Bracon'', '' Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', '' Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', ''Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', '' Opius'', '' Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', '' Spathius'', and '' Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata
''Diachasmimorpha longicaudata'' is a solitary species of parasitoid wasp and an endoparasitoid of tephritid fruit fly larvae. ''D. longicaudata'' is native to many countries in Southeast Asia and subtropical regions and has also been introduced to many other countries as a biological control agent. It is now considered the most extensively used parasitoid for biocontrol of fruit flies in both the southern portion of the United States and Latin America. ''D. longicaudata'' is especially useful for agricultural purposes in the control of fruit flies as it is easily mass-reared and has the ability to infect a variety of hosts within the genus ''Bactrocera''. A negative factor in its use as a biocontrol agent is that it is known to oviposit in grapefruit in the state of Florida. This has resulted in quarantines on grapefruit shipped internationally as well as domestically. Research is ongoing to determine whether ''D. longicaudata'' is actually a single species, or if it contains mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichneumonidae
The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species currently described. However, this likely represents less than a quarter of their true richness as reliable estimates are lacking, along with much of the most basic knowledge about their ecology, distribution, and evolution.Quicke, D. L. J. (2015). The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ichneumonid wasps, with very few exceptions, attack the immature stages of holometabolous insects and spiders, eventually killing their hosts. They thus fulfill an important role as regulators of insect populations, both in natural and semi-natural systems, making them promising agents for biological control. The distribution of the ichneumonids was traditionally consi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine United States Minor Outlying Islands, Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in Compact of Free Association, free association with three Oceania, Pacific Island Sovereign state, sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Palau, Republic of Palau. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders Canada–United States border, with Canada to its north and Mexico–United States border, with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the List of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Costa Rica
Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, Costa Rica, San José, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area. The sovereign state is a Unitary state, unitary Presidential system, presidential Constitution of Costa Rica, constitutional republic. It has a long-standing and stable democracy and a highly educated workforce. The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget (2016) on education, compared to a global average of 4.4%. Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexico
Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers ,Mexico '' The World Factbook''. . making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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