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Ammamma
Ammamma (also Amamma or Mamma) was the name of multiple Hattian and Hittite goddesses worshiped in central and northern Anatolia in the Bronze Age. The best attested Ammamma served as the tutelary goddess of near Hattusa, and appears in multiple treaties between Hittite kings and foreign rulers. Name and character Attested forms of Ammamma's name in cuneiform include '' dam-ma-am-ma'', ''dam-ma-ma'', ''dma-am-ma'' and logographic dDÌM.NUN.ME. The name of the deity Kammamma is likely etymologically related and can be translated from Hattic as "high Mamma". The personal name Mamma and the cultic term ''salammama-'' might be related to this name too. Volkert Haas argued that Mamma is the base form and that it can be translated as "mother". However, according to Ingeborg Hoffmann a connection between this goddess and motherhood cannot be established. According to , the theonym Ammamma and its variants might have originated as a Hattic term referring to an entire category of godd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kammamma
Kammamma (also romanized as Kamama) was a Hattian god worshiped by Hittites and Palaians. He belonged to the category of tutelary deities ( D LAMMA) and might have been associated with vegetation. He attained a degree of importance in the Hittite state pantheon in the Old Hittite period, and in some cases he is listed in hierarchically arranged lists directly after Tarḫunna and the sun goddess of Arinna, the main Hittite deities. Name and character The theonym Kammamma has Hattic origin. It is identical with the name of a Bronze Age city located in northern Anatolia, though they were written in cuneiform with different determinatives, respectively ''dingir'' and ''uru''. Volkert Haas considered Kammamma a mother goddess. However, refers to him as a male deity. notes that the name is most likely related to that of the goddess Ammamma (Mamma), and translates it as "high Mamma". However, he concluded Kammamma was regarded as a male deity whose character was comparable to Tel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kataḫḫa
Kataḫḫa or Kataḫḫi was a name or title of multiple goddesses worshiped in ancient Anatolia by Hattians and Hittites, with the best known example being the tutelary deity of Ankuwa. It has been proposed that goddesses sharing this name were associated with nature and wildlife. In Ankuwa, Kataḫḫa was the head of the local pantheon. Goddesses with the same name were also worshiped in Katapa and other nearby settlements. The goddesses of Ankuwa and Katapa additionally appear in diplomatic treaties. The former was also worshiped in Zippalanda, though it is not certain if she was related in any way to the main local deity, the weather god of Zippalanda. Name and character The theonym Kataḫḫa is derived from the Hattic word ''katta-'', "queen". Multiple writings are attested, for example ''Ka-taḫ-ḫa'', Ka-at-taḫ-ḫa, ''Ka-taḫ-ga'', ''Ḫa-tág-ga'' and ''Ḫa-taḫ-ḫa''. In the oldest texts the name was spelled with an ''i'', rather than ''a'', as the final ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫuwaššanna
Ḫuwaššanna was a goddess worshiped in Hittite religion and Luwian religion in the second millennium BCE. Her name could be written phonetically or using the logogram dingir, dGazbaba, GAZ.BA.BA and its variants. She was the main goddess of the city of Ḫupišna, though is also attested in association with Kuliwišna. Two types of priestesses, ''ḫuwaššannalli'' and ''alḫuitra'', are attested exclusively in association with her. She was no longer worshiped in the first millennium BCE. Name and character Ḫuwaššanna's name was written in cuneiform as ''dingir, dḪu-(u-)ṷa-aš-ša-an-na''. Sometimes the diacritics are omitted in transcription, resulting in the spelling Huwassanna. The etymology of this theonym is uncertain. The name of the sparsely attested Mesopotamian goddess Gazbaba could be used as a logographic writing of Ḫuwaššanna's. The reading has been established based on comparison between the list of deities invoked in a treaty between Šuppiluliuma I a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zalpuwa
Zalpa (also called Zalba, Zalpah, Zalpuwa) were ancient regions mentioned in Assyrian, Mari and Hittite records. The toponyms appear in a variety of forms and contexts and likely refer to multiple similarly named regions. They have been located on the Pontic coast of the Black Sea, along the Euphrates in northern Mesopotamia and along the Balikh river in northern Syria. Etymology The etymology is uncertain but the toponyms may have been Sumerian formulaic theophoric names derived from ''KA.ZAL''. The same syllabary is found in the Akkadian toponym ''ka-zal-lu''''ki'' in records of the twenty-second through sixteenth centuries BC,Douglas Frayne, "Akkad", in Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 which could explain the presence of multiple forms and uses of the toponyms in the historical record.Holland, Gary B. and Zorman, Marina. (2007). The Tale of Zalpa: Myth, Morality and Coherence in Hittite Narrative. Italia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutelary Goddess
A tutelary (; also tutelar) is a deity or a spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of "tutelary" expresses the concept of safety and thus of guardianship. In late Greek and Roman religion, one type of tutelary deity, the ''genius'', functions as the personal deity or ''daimon'' of an individual from birth to death. Another form of personal tutelary spirit is the familiar spirit of European folklore. Ancient Greece Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or ''daimonion'': The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens. Ancient Rome Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to ancient Roman religion. The tutelary deity of a man was his Genius, that of a woman her Juno. In the Imperial era, the Genius of the Emperor was a focus of Imper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niqmepa
Niqmepa (died 1270 BC) was the fifth-from-last King of Ugarit, a city-state in northwestern Syria. Reign Accession He was the son of Niqmaddu II, and the brother and successor of Arhalba. Vassal Treaty Niqmepa was installed by the Hittite king Mursili II (c. 1321-1300 BC) after forcing the former king, his brother Arhalba to abdicate the throne in favour of him, and was forced to sign a new treaty declaring explicitly that Ugarit was a vassal state of the Hittites. The treaty reveals that Niqmepa had a harem, and states that his woman and children will be held responsible if he fails to honor his obligations. At the same time Ugarit lost control of the territory of '' Shiyannu'' to the east, which halved the area controlled by Niqmepa. The secession was confirmed by Mursili II and ''Shiyannu'' was placed under the direct control of Carchemish, which was ruled by descendants of Hittite kings as "viceroys". However, because of the loss of ''Shiyannu'', and by request from Niqm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amurru (god)
Amurru, also known under the Sumerian language, Sumerian name Martu (in Sumerian and Sumerogram, Sumerograms: 𒀭𒈥𒌅), was a Mesopotamian god who served as the divine personification of the Amorites. In past scholarship it was often assumed that he originated as an Amorite deity, but today it is generally accepted that he developed as a divine stereotype of them in Mesopotamian religion. As such, he was associated with steppes and pastoralism, as evidenced by his epithets and iconography. While this was initially his only role, he gradually developed other functions, becoming known as a god of the mountains, a warlike weather deity and a divine exorcist. He is first attested in documents from the Ur III period, chiefly in Sumerian and Akkadian language, Akkadian theophoric names. Later he also came to be worshiped in Babylon, Assur and other locations in Assyria and Babylonia. He had his own cult center somewhere in the area known as the Sealand Dynasty, Sealand in Mesopotami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muršili II
Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) –1295 BC (middle chronology) or 1321–1295 BC (short chronology). Early Life Mursili was the third born son of King Suppiluliuma I, one of the most powerful men to rule over the Hittite Empire, and Queen Henti. He was the younger brother of Arnuwanda II, he also had a sister and one more brother. Reign In 1321 BC Mursili II assumed the Hittite throne after the premature death of Arnuwanda II who, like their father, fell victim to the plague which ravaged the Hittites in the 1330s BC. He was greeted with contempt by Hatti's enemies and faced numerous rebellions early in his reign, the most serious of which were those initiated by the Kaskas in the mountains of Anatolia, but also by the Arzawa kingdom in southwest Asia Minor and the Hayasa-Azzi confederation in the Eastern Anatolia. This was because he was perceived to be an inexperienced ruler who only became king due to the early death ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuhašše
Nuhašše (kurnu-ḫa-áš-še; kurnu-ḫa-šeki), was a region in northwestern Syria that flourished in the 2nd millennium BC. It was east of the Orontes River bordering Aleppo (northwest) and Qatna (south). It was a petty kingdom or federacy of principalities probably under a high king. Tell Khan Sheykhun has tenatively been identified as kurnu-ḫa-šeki.Eduardo Torrecilla () Reflections on the Qaṭna Letters TT1–5 (I): Hittite Expansionism and the Syrian Kingdomttps://www.ub.edu/ipoa/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/20222AuOr07Torrecilla.pdf Name, borders and society The Proto-Semitic language, Semitic name "Nuhašše" means "rich, prosperous". Nuhašše stretched from the Euphrates valley in the east to the Orontes River, Orontes valley in the west between Hamath in the south and Aleppo in the north; it did not include Ebla and it was separated from the Euphrates river by Emar and Ashtata. In the west, it reached the Orontes river only if it included the region of Niya (kingdom) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitanni
Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts, ; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or in Ancient Egypt, Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian language, Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria (region), Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni, linguistic and political influences. Since no histories, royal annals or chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts. The Hurrians were in the region as of the late 3rd millennium BC. A king of Urkesh with a Hurrian name, Tupkish, was found on a clay sealing dated at Tell Mozan.Salvini, Mirjo. "The earliest evidences of the Hurrians before the formation of the reign of Mittanni." Urkesh and the Hurrians Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies Bibliotheca Mesopotamic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šattiwaza
Shattiwaza or Šattiwaza, alternatively referred to as Kurtiwaza or ''Mattiwaza'', was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, who reigned 1330-1305 BC. Biography Shattiwaza was the son of king Tushratta. His Hurrian name was ''Kili-Tešup''. In the political turmoil following the death of his predecessor, the usurper Shuttarna III tried to murder Shattiwaza. Shattiwaza escaped and sought refuge by the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. He married the daughter of Suppiluliuma and returned to Mitanni with a Hittite army. He was assisted by Piyassili (Sarri-Kusuh), a son of King Šuppiluliuma I. Shuttarna III, who had usurped the throne in his absence was defeated, and Shattiwaza installed as king of Mitanni. The events are recorded in two treaties of Suppiluliuma and Shattiwaza (sometime between 1345 and 1323 BC).Devecchi, Elena, (2018)“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hayasa-Azzi
Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa (, ) was a Late Bronze Age confederation in the Armenian Highlands and/or Pontic region of Asia Minor. The Hayasa-Azzi confederation was in conflict with the Hittite Empire in the 14th century BC, leading up to the collapse of Hatti around 1190 BCE. It has long been thought that Hayasa-Azzi may have played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of Armenians. Location Hittite inscriptions deciphered in the 1920s by the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer testify to the existence of the mountainous country, Hayasa-Azzi, lying to the east of Hatti in the Upper Euphrates region. Its western border seems to have alternated between Samuha (probably just west of modern Sivas) and Kummaha (likely modern Kemah, Erzincan). These areas later geographically overlapped, at least partially, with the Upper Armenia province of the later Kingdom of Armenia and the neighboring region of Lesser Armenia. Hayasa-Azzi seems to have been bordered by Isuwa (later known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
