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Aleksander Czamer
Alexander Chalmers (1645 – 9 March 1703; Polish: ''Aleksander Czamer'') was a Scottish-born merchant, jurist, and city mayor and councilor active in Poland. He was the mayor of Old Warsaw (now part of Warsaw) from 1691 to 1692, from 1694, 1696, and from 1702 to 1703, and the member of the Old Warsaw Town Council from 1688 to 1690, from 1692 to 1694, and from 1697 to 1701. Biography Alexander Chalmers was born in 1645, in Dyce, Kingdom of Scotland (now part of the United Kingdom). At some point he converted to Catholicism. He emigrated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1659, at the age of 14. He eventually settled in the city of Old Warsaw (now part of Warsaw, Poland). There he married Krystyne Legowna and they both engaged in the textile trade. They both became citizens of the city in 1672. Some sources list the name of his spouse as Christina Lang instead. He also began using Polonised version of his name, which was ''Aleksander Czamer''. In 1676, King John III ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of City Mayors Of Warsaw
The Mayor of Warsaw (officially in ) is the head of the executive of the capital of Poland elected directly during local elections for a term of five years. Overview The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council – ''Miejska Rada Narodowa'' – governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times. Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led the Warsaw Voivode. In the years 1990-1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by the city council. Subsequently, a controversial reform was introduced, transforming the city in the years of 1994–1999 into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treasurer
A treasurer is a person responsible for the financial operations of a government, business, or other organization. Government The treasury of a country is the department responsible for the country's economy, finance and revenue. The treasurer is generally the head of the treasury, although, in some countries (such as the United Kingdom or the United States) the treasury reports to a Secretary of the Treasury or Chancellor of the Exchequer. In Australia, the Treasurer is a senior minister and usually the second or third most important member of the government after the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. Each Australian state and self-governing territory also has its own treasurer. From 1867 to 1993, Ontario's Minister of Finance was called the Treasurer of Ontario. Originally the word referred to the person in charge of the treasure of a noble; however, it has now moved into wider use. In England during the 17th century, a position of Lord High Treasurer was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florin
The Florentine florin was a gold coin (in Italian ''Fiorino d'oro'') struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains () of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a purchasing power difficult to estimate (and variable) but ranging according to social grouping and perspective from approximately 140 to 1,000 modern US dollars. The name of the coin comes from the ''Giglio bottonato'' ( it), the floral emblem of the city, which is represented at the head of the coin. History The ''fiorino d'oro'' (gold florin) was minted in the Republic of Florence after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade disrupted the minting of fine gold coins in the Byzantine Empire. It came to be accepted across Europe like the Byzantine Solidus had been. The territorial usage of the ''lira'' and the florin often overlapped; where the lira was used for smaller transactions (wages, food purchases), the florin was for la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shoemakers Tenement
Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand, often by groups of shoemakers, or ''cordwainers'' (sometimes misidentified as cobblers, who repair shoes rather than make them). In the 18th century, dozens or even hundreds of masters, journeymen, and apprentices (both men and women) would work together in a shop, dividing the work into individual tasks. A customer could come into a shop, be individually measured, and return to pick up their new shoes in as little as a day. Everyone needed shoes, and the median price for a pair was about one day’s wages for an average journeyman. The shoemaking trade flourished in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries but began to be affected by industrialization in the later nineteenth century. Traditional handicraft shoemaking has now been largely superseded in volume of shoes produced by industrial mass production of footwear, but not necessarily in quality, attention to detail, or cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Town Market Place, Warsaw
Warsaw's Old Town Market Square (, ) is the center and oldest part of the Old Town of Warsaw, Poland. Immediately after the Warsaw Uprising, it was systematically blown up by the German Army. After World War II, the Old Town Market Place was restored to its prewar appearance. History The Old Town Market Place is the true heart of the Old Town, and until the end of the 18th century it was the heart of all of Warsaw. It originated in the late 13th century, at the same time that the city was founded. Here the representatives of guilds and merchants met in the town hall (built before 1429, pulled down in 1817), and fairs and the occasional execution were held. The houses around it represented the Gothic style until the great fire of 1607, after which they were rebuilt in late- Renaissance style and eventually in late-Baroque style by Tylman Gamerski in 1701. The main feature at that time was the immense town hall, reconstructed in 1580 in the style of Polish mannerism by Antone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hospital Of The Holy Spirit (Elektoralna Street)
The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw (Szpital Świętego Ducha w Warszawie) was a hospital originally built in 1442, at the church of St. Martin's at Piwna Street in Warsaw's Old Town. It was founded by Anna Fiodorówna (a princess of the Duchy of Masovia) as a shelter for the poor. After a number of moves, it stayed at Elektoralna Street. History The building at 12 Elektoralna Street was built between 1859 and 1861 according to a neo-Renaissance design by Józef Orlowski. The site was a former cart and carriage factory. It was the first hospital in Warsaw with free-standing pavilions. From 1861 until World War II, it was one of the most modern hospitals in the city. Bombed on 25 September 1939, it was again damaged later during the Warsaw Uprising. Before the war, the medical clinic was run by Vilém Dušan Lambl with Samuel Goldflam Samuel Wulfowicz Goldflam (15 February 1852 – 26 August 1932) was a Polish-Jewish Isaac Lewin & Nathan Michael Gelber, ''A History of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vicar General
A vicar general (previously, archdeacon) is the principal deputy of the bishop or archbishop of a diocese or an archdiocese for the exercise of administrative authority and possesses the title of local ordinary. As vicar of the bishop, the vicar general exercises the bishop's ordinary executive power over the entire diocese and, thus, is the highest official in a diocese or other particular church after the diocesan bishop or his equivalent in canon law. The title normally occurs only in Western Christian churches, such as the Latin Church of the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. Among the Eastern churches, the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Kerala uses this title and remains an exception. The title for the equivalent officer in the Eastern churches is syncellus and protosyncellus. The term is used by many religious orders of men in a similar manner, designating the authority in the Order after its Superior General. Ecclesiastical structure In the Roman Catholi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lay Judge
A lay judge, sometimes called a lay assessor (law), assessor, is a person assisting a judge in a trial. Lay judges are used in some civil law (legal system), civil law jurisdictions. Lay judges are appointed volunteers and often require some legal instruction. However, they are not permanent officers. They attend proceedings about once a month, and often receive only nominal or "costs covered" pay. Lay judges are usually used when the country does not have jury, juries. Lay judges may be randomly selected for a single trial (as jurors are), or politically appointed. In the latter case they may usually not be rejected by the prosecution, the defense, or the permanent judges. Lay judges are similar to magistrates of England and Wales, but magistrates sit about twice as often. In different countries Austria In criminal proceedings, lay judges sit alongside professional judges on cases carrying a maximum punishment of more than five years, as well as for political crimes. Lay judges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assessor (law)
In some jurisdictions, an assessor is a judge's or magistrate's assistant. This is the historical meaning of this word. In common law jurisdictions, assessors are usually non-lawyers who sit together with a judge to provide either expert advice (such as on maritime matters) or guidance on local practices. The use of assessors nowadays is quite rare. In some jurisdictions, such as Fiji, assessors are used in place of juries. An assessor's opinion or view of a case is not binding on a judge. The term "assessor" is also very generally applied to persons appointed to ascertain and fix the value of rates and taxes, and in this sense the word is used in the United States (see Assessor (property)). Civil law jurisdictions In France and in all European countries where the civil law system prevails, the term ''assesseur'' is applied to those assistant judges who, with a president, compose a judicial court. Denmark In Denmark, it was the former title given to Supreme Court judges. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers (, abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic Church, Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilians, Castilian priest named Saint Dominic, Dominic de Guzmán. It was approved by Pope Honorius III via the papal bull on 22 December 1216. Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally display the letters ''OP'' after their names, standing for , meaning 'of the Order of Preachers'. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, Religious sister (Catholic), active sisters, and Laity, lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as Third Order of Saint Dominic, tertiaries). More recently, there have been a growing number of associates of the religious sisters who are unrelated to the tertiaries. Founded to preach the The gospel, gospel and to oppose heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organisation placed it at the forefront of the intellectual life of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
