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Akhaltsikheli
Akhaltsikheli ( ka, ახალციხელი; pl. ''Akhaltsikhelebi'', ახალციხელები) were a Georgian noble family prominent in the end of the 12th to the mid-13th centuries. Their name came from the city of Akhaltsikhe, their original fiefdom. They branched out from the Toreli ducal family towards the end of the 12th century and through loyal service to the Georgian crown acquired more lands including those ruled by their kinsmen from the Toreli house. As a result of the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions, the family declined, lost their possessions to other noble families, and virtually became extinct by the end of the 13th century. The most prominent of them were: * Shalva Akhaltsikheli * Ivane Akhaltsikheli (died 1225), Shalva's brother, prominent military commander who was appointed governor general of Kars in 1205/1206 and granted the titles of Atabek and Amira. He was killed by the Khwarezmians in the Battle of Garni. * Pharadavla Akhalt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shalva Akhaltsikheli
Shalva Akhaltsikheli ( ka, შალვა თორელი-ახალციხელი) (died 1227) was a Georgian military commander and court official in the Kingdom of Georgia. He held the offices of ''Mechurchletukhutsesi'' (Lord High Treasurer) and '' Mandaturtukhutsesi'' (Lord High Mandator). A member of the noble House of Toreli-Akhaltsikheli, he was also the Duke (''Eristavi'') of Akhalkalaki. Biography Together with his brother Ivane, Shalva was in command of vanguard traditionally composed of the Meskhetian troops from south Georgia. In the battle of Shamkor against the Eldiguzids in 1195, he captured a war banner sent by the Caliph to the Muslim army which was then donated to the revered icon of Our Lady of Khakhuli. Local Meskhetian forces under Shalva Akhaltsikheli, Ivane Akhaltsikheli and Sargis Tmogveli had been blockading Kars intermittently for some years, and Queen Tamar decided to send a special army under David Soslan and brothers Zakare and Iva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivane Akhaltsikheli
Ivane Akhaltiskheli ( ka, ივანე ახალციხელი) (died 1226) was a Georgian military commander, and a Court official of the Kingdom of Georgia. He was member of the House of Toreli-Akhaltsikheli,Shoshiashvili N. ''History of the Feudal House of Toreli and Shota Rustaveli'', Tbilisi 1966 and the brother of Shalva Akhaltsikheli. Biography Local Meskhetian forces under Ivane Akhaltsikheli, Shalva Akhaltsikheli and Sargis Tmogveli had been blockading Kars intermittently for some years, and Queen Tamar decided to send a special army under David Soslan and brothers Zakaria and Ivane Mkhargrdzelis to smash the resistance. In 1206–1207, the Georgians besieged the fortress of Kars and pressed hard on those within. The emir of Kars asked the Shah-Armens for help, but its rulers did not provide any assistance. After the long siege, the emir of Kars, seeing that no assistance was coming, decided to hand over his domain to Georgians in exchange for a lar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Garni
The Battle of Garni (, ) was fought in 1225 near Garni, in modern day Armenia, then part of the Kingdom of Georgia. The invading Khwarazmian Empire was led by Jalal al-Din Mangburni, its last Sultan, who had been driven from his realm by the Mongol Empire and was trying to recapture lost territories. The battle ended with a Khwarezmid victory and is marked as a disastrous event in Georgian history due to betrayal. As a result, the royal court of Georgian Queen Rusudan (1223–1245) moved to Kutaisi and the country was exposed to subsequent looting during the Mongol invasions of Georgia. Prelude Jalal al-Din Mangburni sent an abasement letter to Queen Rusudan demanding subordination of Georgia under his rule. At the same time, he assembled a huge military force, asking for troops from his allies and nobles across the empire. The purpose was to completely crush the Kingdom of Georgia and take all its dominions successfully ceding its existence. The Georgian court and leadership ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Toreli
The House of Toreli ( ka, თორელი), earlier known as the Gamrekeli (გამრეკელი), was a noble family in medieval Georgia, known from the 10th century and prominent into the 14th. The dynastic name "Toreli" is derived from the territorial epithet, literally meaning "of Tori", a historic district and the family's original fiefdom in south-central Georgia. History The Toreli rose to particular prominence during the Georgian Golden Age under Queen Tamar ( r. 1178/1184–1213) and her immediate successors, George IV (r. 1213–1223) and Rusudan (r. 1223–1246). They held fiefs in south and central Georgia and, at times, governed the newly conquered north Armenian districts on behalf of the crown. Several members of the family – one of the most important princely houses at that time – occupied important posts in the administration and army, including the dignity of amirspasalar. A senior branch held the hereditary office of eristavi ("duke") of Akhalkala ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amirtamira
Amirtamira () was a mayor or head of the large cities in feudal Georgia, that enjoyed military and administrative authority. The position was introduced after the initial Arab conquest of Georgia in the mid-7th century, when Abbasid caliphs appointed emirs of Tbilisi. The ascendancy of emirs ended in 1122 when King David IV of Georgia seized the city following his decisive victory at Didgori. Thereafter, the emirs became subordinated to the '' Mechurchletukhutsesi'' (Finance Minister) of Georgian crown. In the 17th century, the term was replaced by Mouravi. The last amirtamira of Tbilisi was Giorgi Saakadze. One of the few attempts of third estate to gain power in feudal Georgia can be traced to Qutlu-Arslan, as a Finance Minister, he led a party who proposed an idea of limiting the royal power by a parliamentary-type legislature which, in the view of Qutlu Arslan and his followers, would be consist of two chambers: ''Darbazi'' ( Royal Council) or an assembly that would meet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baiju Noyan
Baiju Noyan or Baichu (; Chagatai: بایجو نویان; ; in European sources: Bayothnoy; ) was a Mongol commander in Persia, Armenia, Anatolia and Georgia. He was appointed by Ögedei Khan to succeed Chormagan. He was the last direct imperial governor of the Mongol Near East; after his death Hulagu's descendants inherited domains he once commanded. Background Baiju belonged to Besut tribe of Mongols and was a relative of Jebe. His father was a mingghan commander under Genghis Khan and he inherited this contingent upon his death. Career Baiju was a second-in-command of Chormaqan and took part in an attack on Jalal ad-Din near Isfahan in 1228. After Chormaqan's paralysis in 1241, Baiju took over his troops and became a tümen commander by appointment of Ögedei Khan. After Ögedei's death, Baiju started to take orders from Batu, former's nephew. Baiju immediately moved against the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, weakening its power at the Battle of Köse Dağ on 26 June 12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Köse Dağ
The Battle of Köse Dağ took place in eastern Anatolia on 26 June 1243 when an army of the Sultanate of Rum, led by Sultan Kaykhusraw II, confronted an invading Mongol Empire, Mongol army under the general Baiju Noyan, Baiju and was decisively defeated. The battle was the pivotal event of the Mongol conquest of Anatolia: Rum, previously a significant independent power in the eastern Mediterranean, was reduced to the status of a client kingdom, and its territories were later absorbed into the Mongol Ilkhanate. The Mongol Empire first achieved territorial contact with Rum in the early 1230s by conquering a large swathe of Greater Iran, western Iran, but largely left it alone over the next decade. Instead, under their general Chormaqan, Mongol armies subjugated Transcaucasia and reduced the Kingdom of Georgia to a vassal state. Relations deteriorated after the accession of to the Rum throne in 1237, and Mongol raids on Rum territory began in 1240. Two years later, Baiju, who had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaykhusraw II
Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw ibn Kayqubād or Kaykhusraw II () was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rûm from 1237 until his death in 1246. He ruled at the time of the Babai uprising and the Mongol invasion of Anatolia. He led the Seljuq army with its Christian allies at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243. He was the last of the Seljuq sultans to wield any significant power and died as a vassal of the Mongols. Succession Kaykhusraw was the son of Kayqubad I and his wife Mahpari Khatun, who was Byzantine Greek by origin, Christian Byzantine Greek women being the dominant origin of the slave-concubines and wives of the Seljuk harem. Although 'Kaykhusraw was the eldest, the sultan had chosen as heir the younger ‘Izz al-Din, one of his two sons by the Ayyubid princess Adila Khatun, daughter of al Adil I, sultan of Cairo and the Jazira In 1226, Kayqubad assigned the newly annexed Erzincan to Kaykhusraw. With the general Kamyar, the young prince participated in the conquest of Erzurum a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultanate Of Rum
The Sultanate of Rum was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rum) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The name ''Rum'' was a synonym for the medieval Eastern Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. The name is derived from the Aramaic () and Parthian () names for ancient Rome, via the Greek () meaning the Anatolia. The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077. It had its capital first at Nicaea and then at Iconium. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese forme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kars
Kars ( or ; ; ) is a city in northeast Turkey. It is the seat of Kars Province and Kars District.İl Belediyesi , Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023. As of 2022, its population was 91,450. Kars, in classical historiography (Strabo), was in the ancient region known as ''Chorzene'' (), part of the province of Ayrarat in the Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia, and later the historic capitals of Armenia, capital of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia from 929 to 961. Currently, the mayor of Kars is Ötüken Senger. The city had an Armenians, Armenian ethnic majority until it was re-captured by Turkish National Movement, Turkish nationalist forces in late 1920. Etymology The city's name may derive from the Armenian language, Armenian w ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
