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Agitators
The Agitators were a political movement as well as elected representatives of soldiers, including members of the New Model Army under General the Lord Fairfax, during the English Civil War. They were also known as ''adjutators''. Many of the ideas of the movement were later adopted by the Levellers. History ''Agitators'', or ''adjutators'', was the name given to representatives elected in 1647 by the different regiments of the English Parliamentary army. The word really means an agent, but it was confused with "adjutant," often called "agitant," a title familiar to the soldiers, and thus the form "adjutator" came into use. Early in 1647 the Long Parliament wished either to disband many of the regiments or to send them to Ireland. The soldiers, whose pay was largely in arrears, refused to accept either alternative, and eight of the cavalry regiments elected agitators, called at first commissioners, who laid their grievances before the three generals, and whose letter was read in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levellers
The Levellers were a political movement active during the English Civil War who were committed to popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law and religious tolerance. The hallmark of Leveller thought was its populism, as shown by its emphasis on equal natural rights, and their practice of reaching the public through pamphlets, petitions and vocal appeals to the crowd. The Levellers came to prominence at the end of the First English Civil War (1642–1646) and were most influential before the start of the Second English Civil War, Second Civil War (1648–49). Leveller views and support were found in the populace of the City of London and in some regiments in the New Model Army. Their ideas were presented in their manifesto "Agreement of the People". In contrast to the Diggers, the Levellers opposed common ownership, except in cases of mutual agreement of the property owners. They were organised at the national level, with offices in a number of London inns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Council (1647)
The Army Council was a body established in 1647 to represent the views of all levels of the New Model Army. It originally consisted of senior commanders, like Sir Thomas Fairfax, and representatives elected by their regiments, known as Agitators. Following the Putney Debates of October to November 1647, Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton grew concerned by their radicalism, and in 1648, Agitators were removed from the Council. Now dominated by the so-called Grandees, it became the Council of Officers. Background When the First English Civil War began in 1642, the vast majority on both sides believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated. They disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists generally supported a Church of England governed by bishops, appointed by, and answerable to, the king; Puritans believed he was answerable to the leaders of the church, appointed by their congregations. However, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of England
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the Great Council of England, great council of Lords Spiritual, bishops and Peerages in the United Kingdom, peers that advised the History of the English monarchy, English monarch. Great councils were first called Parliaments during the reign of Henry III of England, Henry III (). By this time, the king required Parliament's consent to levy taxation. Originally a Unicameralism, unicameral body, a Bicameralism, bicameral Parliament emerged when its membership was divided into the House of Lords and House of Commons of England, House of Commons, which included Knight of the shire, knights of the shire and Burgess (title), burgesses. During Henry IV of England, Henry IV's reign, the role of Parliament expanded beyond the determination of taxation policy to include the "redress of grievances", whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles I Of England
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of Kingdom of England, England, Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland from 27 March 1625 until Execution of Charles I, his execution in 1649. Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to Infanta Maria Anna of Spain culminated in an eight-month visit to Habsburg Spain, Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married Henrietta Maria of France. After his accession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Rawson Gardiner
Samuel Rawson Gardiner (4 March 1829 – 24 February 1902) was an English historian who specialized in 17th-century English history as a prominent foundational historian of the Puritan revolution and the English Civil War. Life The son of Rawson Boddam Gardiner, he was born in Ropley, Hampshire. He was educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in '' Literae Humaniores''. He was subsequently elected to fellowships at All Souls (1884) and Merton (1892). For some years he was professor of modern history at King's College London, and devoted his life to the subject. In 1896 he was elected to give the first series of Ford Lectures at Oxford University. He died in Sevenoaks, aged 72. Puritan Revolution Gardiner published his history of the Puritan Revolution and English Civil War in three series of 19 volumes, originally published under different titles, beginning with the accession of King James I of England. Following Gardin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royston, Hertfordshire
Royston is a town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the North Hertfordshire, District of North Hertfordshire and county of Hertfordshire in England. It is situated on the Prime meridian (Greenwich), Greenwich Meridian, which brushes the town's eastern boundary, and at the northernmost apex of the county on the same latitude as towns such as Milton Keynes and Ipswich. It is about north of central London in a rural area. Until 1896, the boundary between Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire ran east–west through the centre of town along the middle of Baldock Street and Melbourn Street. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, the parish had a population of 17,444. History The town grew at the crossing of two ancient thoroughfares, Ermine Street and the Icknield Way (cum Ashwell Street); the former was created after the Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest, while the Icknield Way has long been accepted as a prehistoric routeway. The roads are sometimes ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thriplow Heath
Thriplow () is a village in Cambridgeshire, England, south of Cambridge. The village also gives its name to a former Cambridgeshire hundred. History The parish of Thriplow covers , roughly spanning the land between the former London to Cambridge coaching road (now the B1368) and the Royston to Newmarket road (now the A505). The presence of tumuli in the south of the parish suggests an Iron Age settlement, and a barrow to the east of the village contains a Bronze Age burial. The village itself probably existed in Romano-British times (around AD 150). The Icknield Way to the south of the village was probably an important factor in the village's growth. Listed as ''Tripelan'' in around 1050 and ''Trepeslau'' in the Domesday Book of 1086, the name "Thriplow" means "Hill or tumulus of a man called Tryppa". Tryppa is believed to have been a Bronze Age chieftain who may be buried in the tumulus just southeast of the church. In 1647 the New Model Army camped on Thriplow Heath (of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solemn Engagement
The Solemn Engagement (''A Solemne Engagement of the Army, under the Command of his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax'') was a declaration to the English House of Commons adopted unanimously by the General Council of the Army commanded by Thomas Fairfax at Newmarket on 29 May 1647. Acting in response to a parliamentary threat of disbandment, the document asserted that the army would not disband until satisfactory terms were negotiated. This was in part because of weeks of arrears owed to the soldiers, and in frustration of the slow progress parliament had made in securing a settlement with the imprisoned Charles I. Events The agreement was read, and assented to by all the officers and soldiers of the regiments of the New Model Army that rendezvoused on Kentford Heath near Newmarket on Friday and Saturday 4 and 5 June. On 8 June Fairfax sent the Solemn Engagement to Parliament with a letter. In the letter he explained that because the King was now with the Army ( Cornet Joyce havi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newmarket, Suffolk
Newmarket is a market town and civil parish in the West Suffolk (district), West Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, 14 miles west of Bury St Edmunds and 14 miles northeast of Cambridge. In 2021, it had a population of 16,772. It is a global centre for thoroughbred horse race, thoroughbred horse racing, racehorse training, breeding, and horse health. Two Classic races and three British Champions Series races are held at Newmarket every year. The town has had close royal connections since the time of James I of England, James I, who built a palace there, and was also a base for Charles I of England, Charles I, Charles II of England, Charles II, and most monarchs since. Elizabeth II visited the town often to see her horses in training. Newmarket has over fifty horse training stables, two large racetracks, the Rowley Mile and the Newmarket Racecourse, July Course, and one of the most extensive and prestigious horse training grounds in the world. The town is home to over 3,500 rac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Joyce
Lieutenant-Colonel George Joyce (born 1618) was an officer and Agitator in the Parliamentary New Model Army during the English Civil War. Between 2 and 5 June 1647, while the New Model Army was assembling for rendezvous at the behest of the recently formed Army Council, Joyce seized King Charles I from Parliament's custody at Holdenby House and took him to Thomas Fairfax's headquarters on Triplo Heath (8 miles south of Cambridge), a move that weakened Parliament's position and strengthened the Army's. Woolrych, Austin (2004). ''Britain in Revolution: 1625-1660'', Oxford University Press, , p. 363/ref> Biography Before joining the army, Joyce worked as a tailor in London. According to the Earl of Clarendon in his work, ' The History of the Rebellion,'' Joyce at one point, "served in a very inferior Employment in Mr. Holles's House''.''" By 1644, Joyce had enlisted in the Army of the Eastern Association and was serving in Oliver Cromwell's cavalry regiment, nicknamed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ironside (cavalry)
The Ironsides were troopers in the Parliamentary cavalry trained by English political and military leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century, during the English Civil War. The name came from "Old Ironsides," one of Cromwell's nicknames. It was after the battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644 that Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the commander of the Royalist Army, "first gave the nickname to his enemy of 'Old Ironsides' because his ranks were so impenetrable--the name originated with the man and passed on to his regiment" (Fraser, p. 132). The model regiment Cromwell first mustered a troop of cavalry (then referred to as "horse") at Huntingdon in Huntingdonshire, on 29 August 1642, early in the Civil War. John Desborough was quartermaster. The troop was late in being organised, and arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Edgehill, the first pitched battle of the war. Cromwell however did witness the defeat of the Parliamentarian horse at the battle and wrote to fellow Parl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in British history. He came to prominence during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, initially as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and latterly as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death. Although elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon in 1628, much of Cromwell's life prior to 1640 was marked by financial and personal failure. He briefly contemplated emigration to New England, but became a religious Independent in the 1630s and thereafter believed his successes were the result of divine providence. In 1640 he was returned as MP for Cambridge in the Short and Long Parliaments. He joined the Parliamentarian army when the First Engl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
