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Acetyl Hypochlorite
Acetyl hypochlorite, also known as chlorine acetate, is a chemical compound with the formula CH3COOCl. It is a photosensitive colorless liquid that is a short lived intermediate in the Hunsdiecker reaction. Preparation, properties, and structure Acetyl hypochlorite is reported to be produced by the reaction of acetic anhydride and dichlorine monoxide at very low temperatures: :Cl2O + (CH3CO)2O → 2CH3COOCl The liquid can be distilled at reduced pressure, however it cannot be heated, as it violently decomposes at 100 °C to acetic anhydride, oxygen, and chlorine gas, and reacts with water and alcohols. This is a problem in the Hunsdiecker reaction, as it results in a lower yield from the decomposition of this compound if using water or an alcohol as a solvent, so the reaction uses the nonpolar carbon tetrachloride instead. The compound must be stored under 0 °C in the dark, as it slowly decomposes in the presence of light or above 0 °C into methyl chloride and car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunsdiecker Reaction
The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction) is a name reaction in organic chemistry whereby silver salts of carboxylic acids react with a halogen to produce an organic halide. It is an example of both a decarboxylation and a halogenation reaction as the product has one fewer carbon atoms than the starting material (lost as carbon dioxide) and a halogen atom is introduced its place. A catalytic approach has been developed. : History The reaction is named after Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker, whose work in the 1930s developed it into a general method. The reaction was first demonstrated by Alexander Borodin in 1861 in his reports of the preparation of methyl bromide () from silver acetate (). Three decades later, Angelo Simonini, working as a student of Adolf Lieben at the University of Vienna, investigated the reactions of silver carboxylates with iodine. He found that the products formed are d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as carbon tet for short and tetrachloromethane, also IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, recognised by the IUPAC), is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CCl4. It is a non-flammable, dense, colourless liquid with a "sweet" chloroform-like odour that can be detected at low levels. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, an anthelmintic and a cleaning agent, but has since been phased out because of environmental and safety concerns. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride can affect the central nervous system and degenerate the liver and kidneys. Prolonged exposure can be fatal. Properties In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedron, tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl4 is non-polar. methane, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prévost Reaction
Prevost, Prévost or Prévôt may refer to: * Prevost (surname), a French surname Places * Prévost (electoral district), Quebec, Canada * Prévost, Quebec, a community in the Laurentians region of Quebec, Canada ** Prévost station * Prevost, a community on Stuart Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA Ships * HMCS Prevost, a Canadian naval reserve unit in London, Ontario * , a 12-gun schooner that the Royal Navy purchased in 1803 and that the French privateer ''Austerlitz'' captured in 1807 * HMS ''Sir George Prevost'', a British naval warship * USS ''Lady Prevost'' (1812), a United States warship Other uses * Prevost (bus manufacturer), a Canadian bus manufacturer, division of Volvo Buses * Prévost reaction, a chemical reaction * Prevost's ground sparrow, a sparrow * Prevost's squirrel, a rodent See also * * Provost (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2-butanediol
1,2-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH(HO)CHCHCH. It is classified as a ''vic''-diol (glycol). It is chiral, although typically it is encountered as the racemic mixture. It is a colorless liquid. Preparation This diol was first described by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1859. It is produced industrially by hydration of 1,2-epoxybutane.. : This process requires a ten- to twenty-fold excess of water to suppress the formation of polyethers. Depending on the amount of excess water, the selectivity varies from 70 to 92%. Sulfuric acid or strongly acidic ion exchange resins may be used as catalysts, which allows the reaction to occur under 160 °C and at slightly above atmospheric pressure. 1,2-Butanediol is a byproduct of the production of 1,4-butanediol from butadiene.. It is also a byproduct of the catalytic hydrocracking of starches and sugars such as sorbitol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. It can also be obtained from the dihydroxylation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butene
Butene, also known as butylene, is an alkene with the formula . The word ''butene'' may refer to any of the individual compounds. They are colourless gases that are present in crude oil as a minor constituent in quantities that are too small for viable extraction. Butene is therefore obtained by catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons left during refining of crude oil. Cracking produces a mixture of products, and the butene is extracted from this by fractional distillation. Butene can be used as the monomer for polybutene, but this polymer is more expensive than alternatives with shorter carbon chains such as polypropylene. Polybutene is therefore used in more specialized applications. Butenes are more commonly used to make copolymer (mixed with another monomer such as ethylene). Butenes are major constituents of raffinates, the C4 fractions in oil processing. The raffinates containing butadiene are considered carcinogenic and mutagenic. They can be used as feedstocks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vicinal Diol
A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups ( groups). An aliphatic diol may also be called a glycol. This pairing of functional groups is pervasive, and many subcategories have been identified. They are used as protecting groups of carbonyl groups, making them essential in synthesis of organic chemistry. The most common industrial diol is ethylene glycol. Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, . Synthesis of classes of diols Geminal diols A geminal diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to the same atom. These species arise by hydration of the carbonyl compounds. The hydration is usually unfavorable, but a notable exception is formaldehyde which, in water, exists in equilibrium with methanediol H2C(OH)2. Another example is (F3C)2C(OH)2, the hydrated form of hexafluoroacetone. Many gem-diols undergo further condensation to give dimeric and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Reviews
''Chemical Reviews'' is peer-reviewed scientific journal published twice per month by the American Chemical Society. It publishes review articles on all aspects of chemistry. It was established in 1924 by William Albert Noyes (University of Illinois). The editor-in-chief is Sharon Hammes-Schiffer. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, CAB International, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 51.4. Journal ranking summary Based on the latest announced rankings, ''Chemical Reviews'' is positioned among the top journals in the field of chemistry across multiple citation databases. The following table summarizes its performance across Scopus and Web of Science. Journal ranking summary (2023)JRank: Chemical Reviewshttps://jrank.net/journals/chem-rev/metrics/ref> See also * Accounts of Chemical Research ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silver Acetate
Silver acetate is a coordination compound with the empirical formula CH3CO2Ag (or AgC2H3O2). A photosensitive, white, crystalline solid, it is a useful reagent in the laboratory as a source of silver ions lacking an oxidizing anion. Synthesis and structure Silver acetate can be synthesized by the reaction of acetic acid and silver carbonate. :2 CH3CO2H + Ag2CO3 → 2 AgO2CCH3 + H2O + CO2 Solid silver acetate precipitates upon concentration of solutions of silver nitrate and sodium acetate. The structure of silver acetate consists of 8-membered Ag2O4C2 rings formed by a pair of acetate ligands bridging a pair of silver centres. Reactions Silver acetate finds use in certain transformations in organic synthesis. Sulfenamide synthesis Silver acetate is used to prepare sulfenamides from disulfides and secondary amines: : R2NH + AgOAc + (RS)2 → R2NSR + AgSR + HOAc Hydrogenation A solution of silver acetate in pyridine absorbs hydrogen, producing metallic silver: :2 CH3CO2Ag + H2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silver
Silver is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ag () and atomic number 47. A soft, whitish-gray, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native metal, native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc Refining (metallurgy), refining. Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes bimetallism, alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures. Other than in currency and as an in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunsdiecker Reaction Mechanism
The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction) is a name reaction in organic chemistry whereby silver salts of carboxylic acids react with a halogen to produce an organic halide. It is an example of both a decarboxylation and a halogenation reaction as the product has one fewer carbon atoms than the starting material (lost as carbon dioxide) and a halogen atom is introduced its place. A catalytic approach has been developed. : History The reaction is named after Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker, whose work in the 1930s developed it into a general method. The reaction was first demonstrated by Alexander Borodin in 1861 in his reports of the preparation of methyl bromide () from silver acetate (). Three decades later, Angelo Simonini, working as a student of Adolf Lieben at the University of Vienna, investigated the reactions of silver carboxylates with iodine. He found that the products formed are dete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Acetamide
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (whereas normal methane has the formula ). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (), methylium cation () or methyl radical (). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed. Methyl cation, anion, and radical Methyl cation The methylium cation () exists in the gas phase, but is otherwise not encountered. Some compounds are considered to be sources of the cation, and this simplification is used pervasively in organic chemistry. For exampl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry
In chemistry, trigonal planar is a molecular geometry model with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of an equilateral triangle, called peripheral atoms, all in one plane. In an ideal trigonal planar species, all three ligands are identical and all bond angles are 120°. Such species belong to the point group D3h. Molecules where the three ligands are not identical, such as H2CO, deviate from this idealized geometry. Examples of molecules with trigonal planar geometry include boron trifluoride (BF3), formaldehyde (H2CO), phosgene (COCl2), and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Some ions with trigonal planar geometry include nitrate (), carbonate (), and guanidinium (). In organic chemistry, planar, three-connected carbon centers that are trigonal planar are often described as having sp2 hybridization. Nitrogen inversion is the distortion of pyramidal amines through a transition state that is trigonal planar. Pyramidalization is a distortion of this molecular shape towa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
