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1716 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1716 The year 1716 in science and technology involved some significant events. Chemistry * Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel publishes his handbook of experimental chemistry, ''Collegium physico-chymicum experimentale, oder, Laboratorium chymicum'', in Germany. Events * Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave at Leiden University. Births * January 12 – Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish explorer (died 1795) * March 6 – Pehr Kalm, Swedish botanist and explorer (died 1779) * May 29 – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French naturalist (died 1799) * c. August 18 – Johan Maurits Mohr, Dutch astronomer (died 1775) * October 3 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (died 1781) * October 4 – James Lind, Scottish-born pioneer of hygiene in the British Royal Navy (died 1794) * December 27 – Leonardo Ximenes, Tuscan polymath (died 1786) * James Brindley, English engineer (died 1772) Deaths * November 14 – Gottfried Leib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 Common Era, BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the Universe, physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of History of science in classical antiquity, Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1779 In Science
The year 1779 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * March 23 – Edward Pigott discovers the Black Eye Galaxy (M64). * May 5 – The spiral galaxy M61 is discovered in the constellation Virgo by Barnabus Oriani. Exploration * Horace-Bénédict de Saussure begins publication of ''Voyages dans les Alpes''. Mathematics * Étienne Bézout publishes ''Théorie générale des équations algébriques'' in Paris, containing original work on elimination theory. Physics * Jean-Paul Marat publishes ''Découvertes de M. Marat sur le feu, l'électricité et la lumière'' (''Discoveries of Mr Marat on Fire, Electricity and Light''). Technology * January 8 – Bryan Higgins is granted a British patent for hydraulic cement ('' stucco'') for use as an exterior plaster. * May – Boulton and Watt’s Smethwick Engine is brought into service for pumping on the Birmingham Canal Navigations; two centuries later it will become the oldest working steam eng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Lind
James Lind (4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish doctor. He was a pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. By conducting one of the first ever clinical trials, he developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy. Lind argued for the health benefits of better ventilation aboard naval ships, the improved cleanliness of sailors' bodies, clothing and bedding, and below-deck fumigation with sulphur and arsenic. He also proposed that fresh water could be obtained by distilling sea water. His work advanced the practice of preventive medicine and improved nutrition. Early life Lind was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1716 into a family of merchants, then headed by his father, James Lind. He had an elder sister. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh. In 1731 he began his medical studies as an apprentice of George Langlands, a fellow of the Incorporation of Surgeons which preceded the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1739, he entered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1781 In Science
The year 1781 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * March 13 – William Herschel observes Uranus (although initially recording it as a comet). * March 20 – Pierre Méchain discovers dwarf galaxy NGC 5195. * Charles Messier's final catalogue of Messier objects is published. * Christian Mayer's catalogue of binary stars is published. Biology * Felice Fontana uses a microscope to describe the axon of a brain cell. * John Latham begins publication of ''A General Synopsis of Birds''. Chemistry * Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald is granted a British patent for the manufacture of coal tar. * Carl Wilhelm Scheele ascertains that a new acid can be made from tungstenite, leading to the discovery of tungsten in 1783. * Autumn – Peter Jacob Hjelm isolates molybdenum. Awards * Copley Medal: William Herschel Births * January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, poet and botanist (died 1838) * February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists work across a wide range of research fields, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic and particle physics, through biological physics, to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian People
, flag = , flag_caption = The national flag of Italy , population = , regions = Italy 55,551,000 , region1 = Brazil , pop1 = 25–33 million , ref1 = , region2 = Argentina , pop2 = 20–25 million , ref2 = , region3 = United States , pop3 = 17-20 million , ref3 = , region4 = France , pop4 = 1-5 million , ref4 = , region5 = Venezuela , pop5 = 1-5 million , ref5 = , region6 = Paraguay , pop6 = 2.5 million , region7 = Colombia , pop7 = 2 million , ref7 = , region8 = Canada , pop8 = 1.5 million , ref8 = , region9 = Australia , pop9 = 1.0 million , ref9 = , region10 = Uruguay , pop10 = 1.0 million ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Battista Beccaria
Giovanni Battista Beccaria (; 3 October 1716 – 27 May 1781), Italian physicist, was born at Mondovì, and entered the religious Order of the Pious Schools or Piarists, in 1732, where he studied, and afterward taught, grammar and rhetoric. At the same time, he applied himself with success to mathematics. He became professor of experimental physics, first at Palermo and then at Rome, and was appointed to a similar position at Turin in 1748. He was afterwards made tutor to the young princes de Chablais and de Carignan, and continued to reside principally at Turin during the remainder of his life. In May 1755 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and published several papers on electrical subjects in the '' Phil. Trans.''. In 1759, King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had invited him to Turin, employed him to measure the degree of meridian arc in Piedmont. Beccaria did much, in the way both of experiment and exposition, to spread a knowledge of the elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1775 In Science
The year 1775 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is described. Chemistry * May 25 – Joseph Priestley's account of his isolation of oxygen in the form of a gas ("dephlogisticated air") is read to the Royal Society of London. * Torbern Bergman's ' ("A Dissertation on Elective Attractions") is published, containing the largest tables of chemical affinity ever published. Exploration * July 30 – 3-year second voyage of James Cook completed, the first eastabout global circumnavigation, during which the Antarctic Circle has been crossed three times, ''Terra Australis'' shown to be a myth, and Larcum Kendall's K1 chronometer demonstrated to be a reliable timekeeper for the purpose of calculating longitude. Mathematics * Lagrange's '' Recherches d'Arithmétique'' develops a general theory of binary quadratic forms. Medicine * English surgeon Percivall Pott finds the first occupational link to cancer, contributin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe sna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands
) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherlands , established_title2 = Act of Abjuration , established_date2 = 26 July 1581 , established_title3 = Peace of Münster , established_date3 = 30 January 1648 , established_title4 = Kingdom established , established_date4 = 16 March 1815 , established_title5 = Liberation Day , established_date5 = 5 May 1945 , established_title6 = Kingdom Charter , established_date6 = 15 December 1954 , established_title7 = Caribbean reorganisation , established_date7 = 10 October 2010 , official_languages = Dutch , languages_type = Regional languages , languages_sub = yes , languages = , languages2_type = Recognised languages , languages2_sub = yes , languages2 = , demonym = Dutch , capital = Amsterdam , largest_city = capital , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johan Maurits Mohr
thumbnail, Mohr observatory in Batavia ( Dutch East Indies). Johan Maurits Mohr (ca. 18 August 1716, Eppingen – 25 October 1775, Batavia) was a Dutch-German pastor who studied at Groningen University from 1733 and settled in Batavia ( Dutch East Indies) in 1737. Mohr's greatest passion was in astronomy but he was also keenly interested in meteorology and in vulcanology. In 1765 Mohr built a large private observatory in Batavia that was equipped with the best astronomical instruments of his time. His observatory, which had cost him a small fortune, was visited and praised by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and James Cook. Mohr observed the Venus transits of 6 June 1761 and 3 June 1769 and the Mercury transit of 10 November 1769. He also made meteorological observations and measurements of the magnetic declination at Batavia. After Mohr's death, his observatory was damaged by an earthquake in 1780, fell into ruin and was demolished in 1812. The minor planet 5494 Johanmohr is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1799 In Science
The year 1799 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Archaeology * July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (Rashid), French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone, which will become the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. * July 25 – At the Battle of Abukir in Egypt, Napoleon Bonaparte gains French control of Egyptian artifacts by defeating over 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha. Astronomy * Pierre-Simon Laplace begins publication of ''Méchanique céleste''. Biology * Thomas Beddoes makes the first recorded use of the word ''Biology'' in its modern sense. * George Shaw of the British Museum publishes the first scientific description of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' Shaw) in ''The Naturalists' Miscellany''. Exploration * Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland begin a five-year exploration of the natural history of South America. Geology * ''by summer'' – William S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
